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Anatomy lab > Lab 4 - PNS > Flashcards

Lab 4 - PNS Flashcards

1
Q

General sensory receptors

A

somatic - tactile, thermal, pain and proprioceptive

visceral - internal organs

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2
Q

Special sensory receptors

A

vision, hearing, smell, balance, taste

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3
Q

type of stimulus

A 
mechanoreceptors - touch, pain, stretch, itch, vibrations
thermoreceptors - temp. 
chemoreceptors - chemical env. 
photoreceptors - light energy
nociceptors - pain
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4
Q

location of receptors

A

exteroceptors - outside body (skin- touch, pressure, pain, temp)
intereceptors - internal viscera and blood vessels (chemical, tissue stretch and temp)
proprioceptors - skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments; inform brain of movement

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5
Q

Structure of receptor

A

Free nerve endings - nonencapsulated (nociceptors, thermoreceptors), encapsulated (mechanoreceptors - pacinian, meissner’s cells, muscle spindle)
Complex receptrors for special senses - vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste, separate cells - photoreceptors, hair cells, gustatory receptor cells

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6
Q

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

A

Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
Lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles - vibrations and pressure
Bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini endings) - sustained pressure, deep
Muscle spindles - stretch
Tendon organ - tension
Joint kinesthetic receptors - joint position

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7
Q

Tactile (Meisnner’s) corpuscle

A

Demal papillae

light touch

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8
Q

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

A

Deep in dermis

Deep pressure

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9
Q

Bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini endings)

A

Deep in dermis, joints

deep pressure & stretch

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10
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Skeletal muscles

muscle stretch

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11
Q

Tendon organ

A

Tendon

tendon stretch

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12
Q

Joint Kinesthetic receptors

A

Joint capsule

Joint sense, pain

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13
Q

Levels of integration in somatic sensory nervous system

A
  1. receptor level - transduction - stimulation of sensory receptor converted -> electrical signal
  2. Circuit level - processing in ascending pathways
  3. Perceptual level - sensation - awareness of a change in internal or external
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14
Q

Processing at receptor level

A
  1. transduction

2. adaptation

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15
Q

Transduction

A

-Simulus energy converted into graded potential call receptor potential/generator potential
-stimulus must match specificity of receptor (touch vs light)
-stimulus must be applied to a receptive field
stimulus -> receptor/generator potential in afferent sensory neuron -> AP if above threshold -> multiple AP, strong stimulus

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16
Q

Adaptation

A

Decreased sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus

  1. rapidly adapting receptors (phasic) - signal beginning/ end of stimulus - pressure, touch and smell
  2. Slowly adapting receptors (tonic) - slowly or not at all, nociceptors, proprioceptors
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17
Q

Processing at Circuit level

A

Ascending sensory pathways

  1. First-order neurons - DRG sensory neuron
  2. Second-order neurons - Dorsal horn of spinal cord
  3. Third-order neurons - thalamus
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18
Q

Processing at perceptual level

A

Interpretation at cerebral cortex, somato-sensory cortex in post central gyrus

  • Sensory perception:
    1. stimulus intensity - freq. of impulses
      1. spatial discrimination - receptor density (site of stimulus)
  • pattern recognition
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19
Q

Perception of Pain

A

Nociceptors - free nerve endings
Stimuli - extreme pressure, temp, chemicals
Brain can inhibit pain - endogenous opioids - endorphins, enkephalins
Types of pain:
1. Fast pain - acute, sharp or prickling pain (myelinated fibers)
2. Slow pain - chronic, burning, aching or throbbing (unmyelinated)

20
Q

Referred pain

A

Pain perceived at location other than site of painful stimulus
Pain arising in viscera perceived as somatic in origin
Visceral pain afferents travel along same pathway as somatic (ex - heart attack)

21
Q

External anatomy of the eye

A
  1. Lacrimal Apparatus
  2. Eyelids (Palpebrae)
  3. Eyelashes
22
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

A
  1. Lacrimal gland - secretes salt-like solutions into eyes (tears)
  2. Lacrimal canals - tears flow into canals after flushing eye
  3. Lacrimal sac - tears collect here and flow into duct
  4. Nasolacrimal duct - directs tears to empty into nasal cavity
23
Q

Eyelids (palpebrae)

A

Protective covering of the anterior surface of eye
Contain conjunctiva - mucous membrane lining eyelids; secretes mucous to lubricate eye; conjunctivitis - inflammation of conjunctiva

24
Q

Eyelashes

A

Contain ciliary glands - modified sweat glands (b/w eyelash follicles, lubricate eyeball)

25
Q

Internal Anatomy of Eye

A
  1. Wall composed of
    - fibrous tunic
    - vascular tunic (uvea)
    - sensory tunic
  2. other components
    - lens : anterior & posterior chamber
26
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A

Outermost, protective layer composed of avascular CT (no vessels)

  1. Sclera - forms bulk of tunic, white color
  2. Cornea - anterior most portion allows light to enter eye; transparent
27
Q

Vascular (uvea) tunic

A

middle, vascular tunic

  1. Choroid - posterior most part, richly vascular beneath sclera; pigment prevents scattering of light
  2. Ciliary body - anterior modified region of choroids, composed of ciliary muscles that control lens shape
  3. ciliary processes - secretes aqueous humor
  4. Iris - most anterior part, pigmented, giving eye color, smooth muscle, reflexively activated, regulates amount of light entering eye
  5. Pupi - Rounded opening through which light passes
28
Q

Sensory Tunic

A
  • Innermost tunic
  • Two layered retina
    1. Pigmented epithelial layer - lines vascular tunic
    2. neural layer - contains photoreceptors (light -> electrical energy), rods (dim light), cones (acuity in vision)
  • optic disc - blindspot, region of retina where optic nerve leaves eye, no photoreceptors
  • Macula Lutea - lateral to each blindspot, directly posterior to lens, high cone density - yellow spot
  • Fovea centralis - Center of macula lutea, contains mostly cones, greatest visual acuity
29
Q

Other components of eye

A
  • suspensory ligament : hold lens vertically within eye, attached to ciliary body
  • Lens: flexible crytalline structure focuses light onto retina
    1. anterior chamber - anterior to lend, contains aqueous humor - watery fluid maintains intraocular pressure, formed by ciliary processes, continually replaced, reabsorbed into scleral venous sinus -> “canal of Schlemm”
    2. Posterior chamber - posterior to lend, contains vitreous humor -> gel like substance that reinforces eye, never replaced
30
Q

Glaucoma

A

Disease in which intraocular pressure is too high
Caused by blockage of drainage of aqueous humor
Impairs vision and can led to blindness

31
Q

Emmetropic eye

A

normal eye which is able to accommodate property

32
Q

Myopia

A

nearsightedness - images focused in front of the retina, can see close objects
Corrected by concave lens

33
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness - images focused behind retina, can see distant objects
Corrected by convex lens

34
Q

Atigmatism

A

Irregular curvatures of lens/cornea - blurry vision

35
Q

Reflexes

A

rapid, predictable, involuntary responses to specific stimulus (sensory, pain, temperature, touch, pressure)

36
Q

Reflex arc

A

Neural pathway on which specific reflexes are mediated

37
Q

Types of Reflexes

A
  1. autonomic reflexes - mediated through ANS, involuntary control, acitvate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands, control digestion, elimination and blood pressure
  2. Somatic Reflexes - mediated through somatic nervous system, stimulation of skeletal muscle
38
Q

Components of reflex arc

A
  1. receptor - site of stimulus action
  2. sensory neuron - carries afferent info into CNS
  3. integration center - synapses within CNS (spinal cord)
  4. Motor neuron - carries efferent info away from CNS to effector organ
  5. Effector - muscles or glands that respond to stimuli
39
Q

Monosynaptic reflex arc

A

Example - patellar knee-jerk reflex
Comprised of 2 neurons and 1 synapse
Stimulate muscle spindle -> leg expands (action) via quad contraction

40
Q

Polysynaptic reflex arc

A

most reflexes
multiple synapses
at least one association/interneuron within pathway

41
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Stretch reflex
Crossed extensor reflex
Corneal reflex
Gag reflex
1. spinal reflexes - requiring spinal cord activity
2. Cranial reflexes - requiring brain involvement with spinal cord

42
Q

Somatic spinal reflex example - Stretch reflex

A
  • postural reflexes
  • maintain posture balance and locomotion
  • initiated by tapping on a tendon, causing reflex contraction
  • ex - patellar or knee-jerk test; Achilles or ankle-jerk test
43
Q

Somatic cranial nerve reflexes - corneal reflex

A
  • mediated through CN V (dysfunction - trauma to brainstem)
  • have patient look away and gently touch cornea with cotton
  • response - blink and tear
44
Q

Autonomic reflexes

A

Pupillary (example - direct and consensual pupillary light reflexes)
Salivary

45
Q

General Sensations

A
  1. Overarching principles - sensory receptors respond to stimulus, general senses include touch, pressure, pain, temp, stretch, special senses include - sight, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste.. exteroreceptors - stimulus from external environment and interoreceptors (within body) while proprioreceptors respond to internal skeletal muscle, joints, tendons and ligaments
  2. General sensory receptor structure
    - based on presence of CT capsule, free (no capsule) or encapsulated (has capsule) or separate receptor cell
    - acts as transucer, converting environmental stimuli into afferent nerve impulses through generation of receptor/ generator potential

Anatomy lab (2 decks)

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