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Anatomy lab > Lab 4 - PNS > Flashcards

Lab 4 - PNS Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

General sensory receptors

A

somatic - tactile, thermal, pain and proprioceptive

visceral - internal organs

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2
Q

Special sensory receptors

A

vision, hearing, smell, balance, taste

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3
Q

type of stimulus

A 
mechanoreceptors - touch, pain, stretch, itch, vibrations
thermoreceptors - temp. 
chemoreceptors - chemical env. 
photoreceptors - light energy
nociceptors - pain
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4
Q

location of receptors

A

exteroceptors - outside body (skin- touch, pressure, pain, temp)
intereceptors - internal viscera and blood vessels (chemical, tissue stretch and temp)
proprioceptors - skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments; inform brain of movement

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5
Q

Structure of receptor

A

Free nerve endings - nonencapsulated (nociceptors, thermoreceptors), encapsulated (mechanoreceptors - pacinian, meissner’s cells, muscle spindle)
Complex receptrors for special senses - vision, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste, separate cells - photoreceptors, hair cells, gustatory receptor cells

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6
Q

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

A

Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
Lamellar (pacinian) corpuscles - vibrations and pressure
Bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini endings) - sustained pressure, deep
Muscle spindles - stretch
Tendon organ - tension
Joint kinesthetic receptors - joint position

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7
Q

Tactile (Meisnner’s) corpuscle

A

Demal papillae

light touch

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8
Q

Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles

A

Deep in dermis

Deep pressure

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9
Q

Bulbous corpuscles (Ruffini endings)

A

Deep in dermis, joints

deep pressure & stretch

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10
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Skeletal muscles

muscle stretch

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11
Q

Tendon organ

A

Tendon

tendon stretch

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12
Q

Joint Kinesthetic receptors

A

Joint capsule

Joint sense, pain

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13
Q

Levels of integration in somatic sensory nervous system

A
  1. receptor level - transduction - stimulation of sensory receptor converted -> electrical signal
  2. Circuit level - processing in ascending pathways
  3. Perceptual level - sensation - awareness of a change in internal or external
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14
Q

Processing at receptor level

A
  1. transduction

2. adaptation

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15
Q

Transduction

A

-Simulus energy converted into graded potential call receptor potential/generator potential
-stimulus must match specificity of receptor (touch vs light)
-stimulus must be applied to a receptive field
stimulus -> receptor/generator potential in afferent sensory neuron -> AP if above threshold -> multiple AP, strong stimulus

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16
Q

Adaptation

A

Decreased sensitivity in presence of constant stimulus

  1. rapidly adapting receptors (phasic) - signal beginning/ end of stimulus - pressure, touch and smell
  2. Slowly adapting receptors (tonic) - slowly or not at all, nociceptors, proprioceptors
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17
Q

Processing at Circuit level

A

Ascending sensory pathways

  1. First-order neurons - DRG sensory neuron
  2. Second-order neurons - Dorsal horn of spinal cord
  3. Third-order neurons - thalamus
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18
Q

Processing at perceptual level

A

Interpretation at cerebral cortex, somato-sensory cortex in post central gyrus

  • Sensory perception:
    1. stimulus intensity - freq. of impulses
      1. spatial discrimination - receptor density (site of stimulus)
  • pattern recognition
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19
Q

Perception of Pain

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A

Nociceptors - free nerve endings
Stimuli - extreme pressure, temp, chemicals
Brain can inhibit pain - endogenous opioids - endorphins, enkephalins
Types of pain:
1. Fast pain - acute, sharp or prickling pain (myelinated fibers)
2. Slow pain - chronic, burning, aching or throbbing (unmyelinated)

20
Q

Referred pain

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A

Pain perceived at location other than site of painful stimulus
Pain arising in viscera perceived as somatic in origin
Visceral pain afferents travel along same pathway as somatic (ex - heart attack)

21
Q

External anatomy of the eye

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A
  1. Lacrimal Apparatus
  2. Eyelids (Palpebrae)
  3. Eyelashes
22
Q

Lacrimal apparatus

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A
  1. Lacrimal gland - secretes salt-like solutions into eyes (tears)
  2. Lacrimal canals - tears flow into canals after flushing eye
  3. Lacrimal sac - tears collect here and flow into duct
  4. Nasolacrimal duct - directs tears to empty into nasal cavity
23
Q

Eyelids (palpebrae)

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A

Protective covering of the anterior surface of eye
Contain conjunctiva - mucous membrane lining eyelids; secretes mucous to lubricate eye; conjunctivitis - inflammation of conjunctiva

24
Q

Eyelashes

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A

Contain ciliary glands - modified sweat glands (b/w eyelash follicles, lubricate eyeball)

25
Internal Anatomy of Eye
1. Wall composed of - fibrous tunic - vascular tunic (uvea) - sensory tunic 2. other components - lens : anterior & posterior chamber
26
Fibrous Tunic
Outermost, protective layer composed of avascular CT (no vessels) 1. Sclera - forms bulk of tunic, white color 2. Cornea - anterior most portion allows light to enter eye; transparent
27
Vascular (uvea) tunic
middle, vascular tunic 1. Choroid - posterior most part, richly vascular beneath sclera; pigment prevents scattering of light 2. Ciliary body - anterior modified region of choroids, composed of ciliary muscles that control lens shape 3. ciliary processes - secretes aqueous humor 4. Iris - most anterior part, pigmented, giving eye color, smooth muscle, reflexively activated, regulates amount of light entering eye 5. Pupi - Rounded opening through which light passes
28
Sensory Tunic
- Innermost tunic - Two layered retina 1. Pigmented epithelial layer - lines vascular tunic 2. neural layer - contains photoreceptors (light -> electrical energy), rods (dim light), cones (acuity in vision) - optic disc - blindspot, region of retina where optic nerve leaves eye, no photoreceptors - Macula Lutea - lateral to each blindspot, directly posterior to lens, high cone density - yellow spot - Fovea centralis - Center of macula lutea, contains mostly cones, greatest visual acuity
29
Other components of eye
- suspensory ligament : hold lens vertically within eye, attached to ciliary body - Lens: flexible crytalline structure focuses light onto retina 1. anterior chamber - anterior to lend, contains aqueous humor - watery fluid maintains intraocular pressure, formed by ciliary processes, continually replaced, reabsorbed into scleral venous sinus -> "canal of Schlemm" 2. Posterior chamber - posterior to lend, contains vitreous humor -> gel like substance that reinforces eye, never replaced
30
Glaucoma
Disease in which intraocular pressure is too high Caused by blockage of drainage of aqueous humor Impairs vision and can led to blindness
31
Emmetropic eye
normal eye which is able to accommodate property
32
Myopia
nearsightedness - images focused in front of the retina, can see close objects Corrected by concave lens
33
Hyperopia
Farsightedness - images focused behind retina, can see distant objects Corrected by convex lens
34
Atigmatism
Irregular curvatures of lens/cornea - blurry vision
35
Reflexes
rapid, predictable, involuntary responses to specific stimulus (sensory, pain, temperature, touch, pressure)
36
Reflex arc
Neural pathway on which specific reflexes are mediated
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Types of Reflexes
1. autonomic reflexes - mediated through ANS, involuntary control, acitvate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands, control digestion, elimination and blood pressure 2. Somatic Reflexes - mediated through somatic nervous system, stimulation of skeletal muscle
38
Components of reflex arc
1. receptor - site of stimulus action 2. sensory neuron - carries afferent info into CNS 3. integration center - synapses within CNS (spinal cord) 4. Motor neuron - carries efferent info away from CNS to effector organ 5. Effector - muscles or glands that respond to stimuli
39
Monosynaptic reflex arc
Example - patellar knee-jerk reflex Comprised of 2 neurons and 1 synapse Stimulate muscle spindle -> leg expands (action) via quad contraction
40
Polysynaptic reflex arc
most reflexes multiple synapses at least one association/interneuron within pathway
41
Somatic reflexes
Stretch reflex Crossed extensor reflex Corneal reflex Gag reflex 1. spinal reflexes - requiring spinal cord activity 2. Cranial reflexes - requiring brain involvement with spinal cord
42
Somatic spinal reflex example - Stretch reflex
- postural reflexes - maintain posture balance and locomotion - initiated by tapping on a tendon, causing reflex contraction * ex - patellar or knee-jerk test; Achilles or ankle-jerk test
43
Somatic cranial nerve reflexes - corneal reflex
- mediated through CN V (dysfunction - trauma to brainstem) - have patient look away and gently touch cornea with cotton - response - blink and tear
44
Autonomic reflexes
Pupillary (example - direct and consensual pupillary light reflexes) Salivary
45
General Sensations
1. Overarching principles - sensory receptors respond to stimulus, general senses include touch, pressure, pain, temp, stretch, special senses include - sight, hearing, equilibrium, smell, taste.. exteroreceptors - stimulus from external environment and interoreceptors (within body) while proprioreceptors respond to internal skeletal muscle, joints, tendons and ligaments 2. General sensory receptor structure - based on presence of CT capsule, free (no capsule) or encapsulated (has capsule) or separate receptor cell - acts as transucer, converting environmental stimuli into afferent nerve impulses through generation of receptor/ generator potential

Anatomy lab (2 decks)

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