Lab 4: Kingdom plantae

Question 1

Describe at least 5 characteristics that green algae and land plants have in common

Answer 1

1) multicellular
2) photoautotrophs
3) chloroplasts contain clorophyll a and b ( the main photosynthetic pigments) and b-catotene
4) cellulose cell walls
5) alternation of generations (multicellular haploid and diploid generations) occurs in all land plants (and many, but not all, multicellular green algae)

Question 2

List and briefly describe at least 5 challenges faced by plants in making the move to land.

Answer 2

1) obtaining enough water for nutrient use
2) transporting water from the intake area (usually the roots) to other areas of the plant and transporting the sugars produced by photosynthesis to parts of the plant that are not photosynthetic
3) preventing water evaporation and desiccation
4) holding the plant body up too take advantage of light for photosynthesis
6) carrying our reproduction when there is little water through which a flagellated sperm can swim

Question 3

List at least 5 adaptations (derived characters) of land plants and briefly explain how these features
are adaptive for life on land.

Answer 3

1) Cuticle: a waxy, watertight sealant that covers the above ground parts of plants, and that gives them the ability to survive in dry environments.

2) Stomata: small openings (pore) surrounded by
guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems.

3) Plants have apical meristems (meaning growth is confined to the shoot and root tips)
4) Multicellular organs called sporangia produce spores, which are protected by a tough, water proof compound known as sporopollenin
5) Plants are embryophytic. This means that the multicellular plants embryos develop form zygotes that are retained within the tissues of the female plant. This allows protection from desiccation and the provision of the embryo with nutrients and water

Question 4

Diagram the generalized alternation of generations life cycle of plants, including the sporophyte
and gametophyte generations, the reproductive cells produced (spores, gametes, and zygote) and
where mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization take place.

Answer 4

Practice in the notes

Question 5

Indicate which stages/structures in the alternation of generations life cycle are haploid and which are diploid

Answer 5

Spores, gametophyte, and gametes are all haploid while the zygote and sporophyte are both diploid

Question 6

Identify which multicellular stage (gametophyte or sporophyte) is representative of a human and modify the alternation of generations life cycle to illustrate the human life cycle

Answer 6

Sporophyte generation

• the Sporophyte goes through meiosis and produces haploid gametes which are fertilized to produce a diploid zygote which grows into sporphyte and the cycle repeats

Question 7

Which phylum contains a waxy cuticle

Answer 7

All of them

Question 8

Which phylum has the presence of stromata

Answer 8

All of them

Question 9

Which phylum has vascular tissue

Answer 9

Pteridophyta, Pinophyta (gymnosperms), and Anthophyta (angiosperms) BUT NOT … Bryophytes

Question 10

Which phylum has the presence of true roots and leaves

Answer 10

Pteridophyta, Pinophyta (gymnosperms), and Anthophyta (angiosperms) BUT NOT… Bryophytes

Question 11

Which phylum has the dominance of sporophyte and gametophyte generations

Answer 11

Bryophytes- gametophyte dominant

Pteridophyta, Pinophyta (gymnosperms), and Anthophyta (angiosperms)– sporophyte dominance

Question 12

Which phylum has The independence of the sporophyte and gametophyte stages

Answer 12

Pteridophyta (ferns)

Question 13

compare and contrast each phylums mode of travel of sperm to the egg (i.e. how fertilization is accomplished)

Answer 13

Bryophyes and pteridophyte both have flagellated sperms

Gymnosperms pollen in a seed

Angiosperms pollen in a seed within a fruit

Question 14

Compare and contrast the phylums reproductive structures that are being dispersed

Answer 14

Bryophyes- spores
pteridophyte- spores
Gymnosperms and angiosperms- seeds

Question 15

Which phylum has seeds produced

Answer 15

Gymnosperms and angiosperms

Question 16

which plant phylum has flowers and fruits produced

Answer 16

angiosperms

Question 17

State why Bryophytes (mosses) and Pteridophytes (ferns) are restricted to habitats that are moist.

Answer 17

Because they have flaggallated sperm which requires moist environments to swim and fertilize eggs

Question 18

Differentiate between xylem and phloem.

Answer 18

• Xylem: transports water and minerals from roots to shoots.
• Phloem: transports products of photosynthesis(sugars).

Question 19

List 4 differences between seeds and spores

Answer 19

In Plants, a spore is single-celled, haploid, produced in extremly large quantities, and microscopic. Structures that grow from spores are haploid. The gametophyte generation grows from the haploid spore

A seed is multicellular, diploid, and much larger and more complex than a spore. A seed contains the developing embryonic plant and a food source for the developing embryo. In seed plants, the food source is provided by the female gametophyte, which surround and nourishes the embryo until it is capable of photosynthesis. Structures that develop form seeds are diploid. The Sporophyte generation develops from a seed

Question 20

Describe pollen (i.e. what is pollen?) and explain why pollen production provides an advantage to plants that produce it.

Answer 20

Final step from aquatic origin to dry land = POLLEN.
• Can move gametes without the presence of water!
• In seed plants: Microspore develops into a tiny gametophyte that issurrounded by a tough coat —> pollen grain.
• Can be exposed to air for long periods without dying.
• Small enough to be carried by wind or animals.

Question 21

Describe a seed (i.e. what is a seed?), state which generation (gametophyte or sporophyte) develops from a seed, and state the advantage of producing seeds.

Answer 21

Why seeds?? Sporophyte does not have to live in the same place as the parent. —> Seeds make embryos portable, allowing them to disperse to
new locations.

What is a seed?
• Complex structures with specialized tissues that protectively enclose embryos.
• Seeds contain stores of carbohydrates, lipids, and
proteins used to provide energy for seedling
development.

• In other words:
A seed = an embryo, a food supply, and
a tough protective coat.

The Sporophyte generations develops from the seed

Question 22

Describe a flower, label the parts of a flower; identify the male and female reproductive organs, the site of pollen production, site of egg production, and site of fertilization; and state the purpose of flowers

Answer 22

Flower: Reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte.
• 4 whorls of highly modified leaves called floral organs,
attached to a compressed portion of the stem called the
receptacle:
1. Stamens : Male organs
2. Carpels : Female Organs
3. Sepals
4. Petals

Purpose of flowers: attract transporters

Question 23

Define fruit and explain how fruits are advantageous to flowering plants

Answer 23

Fruit: a structure that is derived from the ovary and that
encloses one or more seeds.
• Are often bright and
delicious…
—-> What is the purpose of
a fruit?
• To protect and disperse seeds.
• Animals eat the fruit, digest the nutritious tissue around the seed, and then disperse the seeds
(complete with manure!).
• Also helps disperse seeds via wind and water.

Question 24

State which structures develop into the seed and fruit respectively

Answer 24

Ovule develops into the seed

and the ovary develops into the fruit

Question 25

Compare and contrast the life cycles of bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and angiosperms

Answer 25

work through in notes