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BIO 121 Lab > Lab 4: Kingdom Plantae > Flashcards

Lab 4: Kingdom Plantae Flashcards

green algae, mosses, club moss, ferns

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1
Q

what are the main charateristics of the kingdom Plantae

A
  • eukaryotic
  • multicellular
  • photosynthetic
  • primary producers of O2
  • primarily terrestrial – form the base of the food chain
  • influenced evolution of other organisms which rely on them as food supply and/or habitat
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2
Q

which organims share a common ancestor with the kingdom plantae?

evolutionary relationship?

A

aquatic green algae
- closely resemble the ancestors of plants
- ex. Micrasterias –> simple body structure + exists in a variety of forms (uni, multi, colonial)
- freshwater or marine environemnts

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3
Q

what are some common characteristics that green algae & plants share?

A
  • chloroplasts of both contain the same photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a & b)
  • store sugars (produced by photosynthesis) in the form of starch within thier chloroplasts
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4
Q

which algae is thought to most closely resemble the ancestor from which plantae evolved?

A

Coleochaete
- multicellular freshwater green algae

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5
Q

Coleochaete

A
  • multicellular
  • freshwater green algae
  • grows on surface of submerged rocks or aquatic plants
  • 2 growth forms: branched filament or flat discoid thallus
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6
Q

which phylum does Coleochaete belong to?

A

Charophycean green algae (like Micrasterias)
- share features of sexual reproduction; cell division by means of a structure called phragmoplast
- have sporopollenin on walls of zygotes but not spores

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7
Q

what is the significant feature linking Coleochaete with Plantae?

A
  • both have oogamous sexual structures (ie. large, non-motile egg that is fertilized by small, usually motile, sperm
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8
Q

what possible advantage could oogamous sexual reproduction have for terrestrial plants?

A
  • Making many less energetically costly sperm ensures that only one gamete (sperm) faces the harsh environment
  • Ensures the safety of the larger, energetically costly egg, as moving it would be very expensive; a larger egg with more food supply enhances zygote success after fertilization.
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9
Q

what characterizes the Kingdom Plantae

A
  • presence of cellulose cell walls
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10
Q

what 3 features unite all members of the kingdom plantae

A
  1. Alteration of generations life cycle
  2. Gametangia & sporangia with multicellular walls
  3. Embryos nurished & protected by a gametophyte
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11
Q

Alternation of generations life cycle

A

alternate between:
haploid stage (gametophyte): produces gametes for fertilization
diploid stage (sporophyte): produces spores for dispersion

GH vs SD

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12
Q

Haploid

A

have 1 set of chromosomes

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13
Q

Diploid

A

have 2 sets of chromosomes

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14
Q

where does meiosis occur in plants?

A

meiosis occurs in a structure called a sporangium, and produces haploid spores
- gametes are produced by the gametophyte stage, which is already haploid, so gametes are produced by mitosis

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15
Q

gametophyte vs sporophyte

A

Gametophyte: haploid; produces gametes by mitosis
Sporophyte: diploid; produces spores by meiosis

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16
Q

how are embryos & reproductive structures with multicellular walls beneficial to terrestrial organisms?

A

multicellular walls = adaptation to prevent embryos & reproductive cells from desiccation

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17
Q

what 2 major lineages did the Charophycean green algae give rise to?

A
  1. nonvascular plants
  2. vascular plants
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18
Q

nonvascular plants

A
  • commonly called bryophytes (diverged early)
  • lack vascular tissue — remain small in zise and restricted to moist habitats
  • include mosses (Bryophyta); liveworts (hepatophya) & hornworts (anthocerophyta)
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19
Q

vascular tissue

A

specialized conducting tissue which transports surgar, water, and minerals throughout the plant body
- not in nonvascular plants

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20
Q

List the plants in evolutionary progression

A

Polytrichum (Bryophyta)
Lycopodium (Lycopodiophyta)
Polypodium (Pteridophyta)

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21
Q

Polytrichum

A

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Bryophyta
Common name: hair cap moss

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22
Q

Characteristic of Phylum Bryophyta

A
  • most primitive
  • nonvascular (no true vascular tissure & no roots) – small & inhibit moist terrestrial env. (bogs, slong banks of streams & ponds, at bases of tree trunks)
  • referred to as mosses
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23
Q

why do mosses usually grow on the north side of tree trunks?

A

moister + cooler environment as it receives the least sunlight

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24
Q

why are Bryophyta restricted to moist habitats?

A

have few structural adaptations to withstand drought + dependent on external water for fertilization (sperm swims to egg)

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25
Q

how do some mosses grow successfully in dry places?

A

becomes dormant when moisture is not present & grow quickly when it becomes available

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26
Q

why are mosses important ecologically?

A
  • first colonizers of exposed soil + contribute to organic soil dev. + prevent erosion
  • sensitve to atmospheric pollution (used as indicators)
  • Sphagnum: used in horticulture (potting + garden soil) as its very absorptive and enhances moisture retention
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27
Q

habitat of Polytrichum

A
  • largest species of moss
  • grows in boreal forests of northern sasktachewan
  • on acidic soil
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28
Q

what is the dominant, most conspicuous, stage in the life cycle of all bryophytes including polytrichum?

A

Gametophytes

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29
Q

what do the gametophytes of Polytrichum look like?

A

small, leafy, green plants
- consist of short stems with tightly packed, poorly dev. leaves
- photosyntetic, long-lived
- moss part that carpets the forest floor

Mature:
- dev. sexual strucutres on top (male antheridium & female archegonia)

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30
Q

Rhizoids

A

fine hair-like, grow out and down from the stems of gametophyte to absorb water & anchor plant (NOT ROOTS)

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31
Q

what do the sporophyte of the Polytrichum look like?

A

arises from the gametophyte as a long stalk with a single sporangium (capsule) at apex

  • inconspicuous, non-photosynthetic at maturity; completely dependent on gametophyte for nourishment
  • short-lived, functioning only to produce spores

- longer than the gametophyte

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32
Q

where are spores produced in the Polytrichum?

A

meiosis occurs within the sporangium (capsule) to produce haploid spores
gametophyte - sporophyte (stalk + sporangium called capsule) – meiosis inside capsule – haploid spores

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33
Q

calyptra

A

protective hairy cap composed of old, dry archegonial tissue; covers the immature sporangium
- shed when sporangium is mature

34
Q

operculum

A

lid on the apex of the sporangium which protects the entrance to the spore-producing region until the spores are mature

35
Q

how are spores released from the polytrichum?

A

flattened head of capsule contains small teeth around its edge with pores b/w them –> spores released through the pores when gusts of wind shake the capsule

36
Q

what does germination produce in polytrichum?

A

haploid gametophyte (green leafy appearance)

37
Q

Adaptations of the polytrichum?

A
  1. small, light spores adapted for wind dispersal
  2. elongate sporophyte stalk so spores are released well above the gametophyte & exposed to more air current
  3. sterile hair: protects sexual organs and retains water to protect from desiccation
  4. rhizoids: water uptake + ancher
  5. operculum: lid on sporangium apex to protect spore
  6. Calyptra: hairy cap for protection of immature sporangium
  7. multicellular walls around archegonium & antheridium (reproductive structures) to prevent desiccation
38
Q

Mnium

A

unisexual species used to observe gametophytes similar to polytrichum
- anthrtidia & archegonia are on seperate gametophytes)

39
Q

antheridia of mnium

sing. antheridium

A

oval – seperated by long, thin sterile hairs – surrounded by protective leaves
- enclosed by a multicellular antheridial wall (prevent embryos & reproductie cells from desiccation)

40
Q

sterile hairs

A

retain water to prevent desiccation of the antheridia

41
Q

archegonia of Mnium

A

female gametophyte
- narrower
- long, flaskshaped, multicellular
- surrounded by sterile hairs – surrounded by protective leaves
- long, narrow neck – swollen base containing a single, haploid, non-motile egg

42
Q

how does the polytrichum reproduce asexually?

A

fragmentation: small pieces of gametophyte break off to produce new gametophyte

43
Q

how do polytrichum reproduce sexually?

A
  1. Gametophyte (n) – dominant; leafy; photosynthetic attatched to rhozoids for water + anchoring
  2. produce Gametangia (n) by mitosis (archegonia & antheridia)
  3. fertilization of gametes (oogamy) – zygote
  4. Sporophyte (2n) – inconspicious; non-photosynthetic at maturity, completely dependent on gametophyte for nutrition; short-lived
  5. sporangium (capsule) - undergo meiosis to produce halpoid spores
  6. germinate and grow into haploid gametophyte
44
Q

friends of Polytrichum

A
  1. Mnium
  2. Sphagnum
  3. Marchantia (liverworts) - most environment; flat & broad gametophytes; asexual rep. by little discs of gametophyte (gemmae) produced in cups on the surface of gametophyte – gammae can be splashed out of cup by rainwater and grow to form new gametophyte
45
Q

what obstacles did early vascular plants overcome?

A
  1. desiccation
  2. absorb water
  3. transport water & nutrients
  4. support themselves against gravity
  5. disperse/reproduce on dry land
46
Q

what are the earliest known vascular plants?

A

Cooksonia (extinct)
- dichotomously branching (dividing into 2 parts)
- arial shoots bearing sporangia at tips
- absence of leaves
- had rhizomes (horizontal stems) but NO roots

47
Q

how did early vascular plants prevent desiccation?

A
  • Cuticle: waxy covering secreted by epidermis to prevent water loss
  • Stomata (minute pores): allow gas exchange for photosynthesis in early plants that lacked leaves when cuticle prevented gas exchange
48
Q

how did early vascular plants absorb water & inorganic nutrients?

A
  • lacked roots
  • Rhizoids: hair-like extensions borne on the horizontal stem (rhizome) used to absorb water
49
Q

how do plants transport water & nutrients?

A

Conducting tissue:
1. Xylem: transports water & dissolved minerals
2. Phloem: transports food & hormones; sugars

50
Q

how do plants support themselves against gravity?

A
  • cell walls made of cellulos
  • vascular plants cells like xylem have additional secondary cell wall composed of lignin (tough polymer)
51
Q

Dispersal of spores in plants?

A
  • spores produced in sporangia with multicellular walls
  • sporopollenin: tough, decay-resistant polymer protects spores from desiccation + survive dispersal through air
52
Q

vascular tissue

A

tissue which consists of tubular arrangements of cells involved in transport of water & dissolved sugars
- contains specialized thick-walled, water-conducting cells called traheids which are part of xylem tissue
- great advantage: can transport water & food internally + thick walls of tracheids gave physical support – can grow much larger

53
Q

tracheid

A

a thick-walled, water-conducting cell of vascular tissue in plants

54
Q

why are plants called tracheophytes?

A

have vascular tissue containing thick-walled, water-conducting cells called tracheids (part of xylem tissue)

55
Q

seedless vascular plants

A

seedless: possess vascular tissue; better adapt for terrestrial conditions than bryophytes; have flagellate sperm (need water for fertilization) but also use other methods of asexual rep.
- alteration of generations
- dominant: sporophyte
- phylum: Lycopodiphyta (Lycopodium) & Pteridophyta (Polypodium)

56
Q

Genus Lycopodium

A

Phylum: Lycopodiophyta
Common name: club moss

57
Q

characterisitics of phylum Lycopodiophyta

A
  • most primitice living phylum of vascular plants
  • include club moss, spike moss, quillworts
  • found in forest floors in temperate regions
  • leaves called microphylls (small, with single unbranched vein)
58
Q

how does the phylum Lycopodiophyta grow?

A

as Epiphytes (a plant which grows on another plant) on trees in tropical forests

59
Q

habitat of lycopodium

A

short plant forming part of undrgrowth in forested areas of north america (including saskatchewan)

60
Q

what is the dominant generation of Lycopodium?

A

Sporophyte generation

61
Q

Gametophyte of Lycopodium

A

depending on species, tiny gametophytes are either photosyntehtic and grow above ground or non-photosynthetic and subterranean

62
Q

what types of stems are present in the lycopodium?

A
  1. aerial (upright) stem: small green leaves that have a single unbranched vein (microphylls) & bears cone/strobilus at apex which produces spores
  2. horizontal stem: rhizome for asexual reproduction
63
Q

microphylls

A

small green leaves that have a single, unbranched vein in lycopodium

64
Q

cone/strobilus

A

reproductive structure produces spores in lycopodium

65
Q

rhizome in lycopodium

A

functions in asexal reproduction by producing new aerial stems at regular intervals to spread plant across forest floor
- horizontal underground stem
- bear scale-like leaves & roots

66
Q

sporophylls

A

modified leaves that compose the cone
- each bears a single round sporangium on its upper surface
- partially encoloses & protects its attached sporangium

67
Q

what type of gametophyte does Lycopodium produce?

A
  • it is homosporus and the one size spores germinate into **bisexual **gametophyte
68
Q

what type of gametophyte is Mnium?

A

unisexual gametophyte produced from heterosporous plant
- large megaspore (female gametophyte)
- small microspores (male gametophyte)

69
Q

Adaptations of the Lycopodium?

A

1.** rhizome** for asexual reproduction of new aerial stems to spread plant horizontally across forest floor
2. Sporophylls: modified leaves composing the cone that partially enclose and protect attatched sporangium (reproductive structures)
3. roots: anchor plant + absorb water & minerals; much larger strucutres than rhizoids, that have vascular tissue
4. multicellular walls on reproductive structures to prevent desiccation

70
Q

name a friend of Lycopodium

A

Selaginella
- heterosporous plant (spike moss)
- smalle & more delicate
- has small cones on tips of branches
- large, empty-looking red-stained megaspores within megasporangia
- tiny microspores within microsporangia

71
Q

Polypodium

A

Phylum: Pteridophyta
Common name: rabbit foot fern

72
Q

Characterisitics of Phylum Pteridophyta

A
  • includes ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns
  • seedless vascular plants
  • dominant: sporophyte
  • dependen on water for fertilization (moist habitats on forest floors, temperate regions, or as epiphytes in tropics)
73
Q

what is the dominant generation of Pteridophyta (Polypodium)

A

Sporophyte

74
Q

what is an impo. adaptation in Pteridophytes that allow some to inhibit dry environments?

A

Megaphylls: large leaves which have vascular tissue in the form of extensively branched veins

75
Q

habitat of Polypodium

A

form the undergrowth of borial forests
- tropical forests of south & central africa
- also found in BC

76
Q

Rhizomes in Polypodium

A

horizontal stem growing along or underneath the ground, hairy (resemble rabbit feet)
- asexual reproduction

77
Q

gametophyte of polypodium

A

tiny, green, photosynthetic; heart-shaped; homosporus
- hair-like rhizoids for anchoring & water absorption in gametophyte

78
Q

sporophyte of polypodium

A
  • large, hairy rhizomes hug soil and bear roots growing into soil
  • grows upright large leaves called megaphylls
  • underside = brown spots (sori) made up of cluster of sporangia (where meiosis occurs to produce haploid spores)
79
Q

adaptations of polypodium

A
  1. top of sporangium opens up like a lid & suddenly snaps back to hurl spores out into air
80
Q

what do the spores & spornagia of polypodium look like?

A

sporangia - thick, orange walled
spores - yellow ornaments on top

81
Q

Is polypodium homosporus or heterosporus?

A

homosporus (bisexual gametophyte)

82
Q

friends of polypodium

A
  1. salvinia: aquatic fern; floats by air bubbles trapped in hairs on its leaves
  2. psilotum: not a fern, is a whisk fern, produces yellow sporangia on erect stems (no leaves)
  3. equisetum: horsetail, even more distant, sporophyte consists of erect stems growing up from underground rhizomes

BIO 121 Lab (2 decks)

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