Lab 4: Kidney Flashcards
Which nerves pass posterior to the kidney and are liable to be injured during surgery?
subcostal nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, iliohypogastric nerve
which kidney is lower - the right or the left?
the right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney
how is the kidney anatomically categorized?
its outer layer is the renal capsule, the renal cortex is the dark parenchymal tissue layer, the renal medula is the innermost part of the kidney and contains the medullary pyramids , renal lobe - there are 10 renal lobes in each kidney
a renal lobe is made up of?
it’s made up of a medullary pyramid and cortical tissue
minor calyx fuse into which structure and what is the function of the minor calyx?
they fuse into major calyx, which fuses and forms into the renal pelvis
what structures lie within the renal hilus ?
the renal vein, the renal artery and the renal pelvis/ureter
name the fascial coverings of thee kidneys
the perirenal fat, the renal fascia and the pararenal fat
describe the functions of the fascial coverings
it supports the kidneys, holds them in place on posterior abdominal wall, and limits route for infection spread
what makes up the renal pelvis? and where is it located?
the renal pelvis is made from the fusion of 2 -3 major calyces
what are renal calculi?
these are kidney stones which may obstruct the renal pelvis. pain may be referred to the lumbar of inguinal regions - loin to groin (T11 - L2)
what is hydronephrosis?
urine accumulates in the renal pelvis and in the kidney calyces due to compression of the accessory renal arteries
describe nephroptosis
it is the inferior displacement of the kidney, excess weight loss can lead to loss of fascia needed to keep kidney in place
describe horseshoe kidney
occurs when lower lobes of the kidneys may become fused during development
the renal sinus is defined as
space between the calyces
which renal artery is lower and longer?
the right renal artey is lower and longer than the left renal artery which is shorter and higher on the aorta
what can cause infarction of the renal tissue?
an occlusion of one of the segmental renal arteries can cause an infarction, since there is minimal communication between these
what is the purpose of the urinary system?
this system produces, stores and excretes urine
name two hormones produced by the kidney
renin , erythropoietin, Vitamin D
what segments of the nephron are located in the cortex?
the glomerulus, the distal and the proximal convoluted tubules
what segments are located in the medulla?
the collecting tubules and the collecting ducts
what features distinguish the proximal convoluted tubules and the distal convoluted tubules?
the cells in the PCT are larger and contain precipitate in the urine, the cells in the DCT do not contain precipitate ; PCT’s fluid ( isosmotic) and DCT’s fluid (hyperosmotic)
name the 2 components of the JGA apparatus, what is its function
macula densa cells regulate blood flow via afferent arterioles; JGA cells secrete renin in response to changes in BP (low BP)
These nephron segments both have the similar function - the distal convoluted tubule and the loop of Henle ?
they both reabsorb electrolytes
what occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule?
the reabsorption of proteins, glucose, amino acids, water and electrolytes (solutes) and the secretion of cations and anions
what occurs at the collecting tubules and the collecting ducts?
the reabsorption of water and electrolytes (principal cells) and the regulation of acid-base balance (intercalated cells )
