Lab 4: Bones and Joints

Question 1

manubrium

Answer 1

upper aspect of sternum, trapezoid in shape

Question 2

gladiolus/sternal body

Answer 2

body of sternum, connects ribs via cartilage

Question 3

xiphoid process

Answer 3

small, cartilaginous extension of the sternum

Question 4

what aspect of sternum articulates with the clavicle?

Answer 4

The manubrium, the upper part of the sternum, articulates with the clavicle to form the sternoclavicular joint.

Question 5

jugular notch

Answer 5

between clavicles at superior portion of manubrium

Question 6

sternal angle

Answer 6

joint between manubrium and body of sternum. Used to identify 2nd rib, and level between 4th and 5th thoracic vertebrae

Question 7

Why would identifying the location of the xiphoid process be important for health care providers?

Answer 7

serves as a crucial anatomical landmark for various medical procedures and practices

During chest compressions you want to avoid this area in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), it is possible to fracture or dislodge the xiphoid process, potentially leading to punctures or lacerations of the diaphragm. Furthermore, inadvertent liver puncture resulting in life-threatening internal bleeding can occur.

Question 8

head

Answer 8

flat end/top attaches to other bones

Question 9

tubercle of rib

Answer 9

bony prominence on the external surface of the rib that serves as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments

Tubercle of the first rib
The articular facet is located on the tubercle of the first rib and articulates with the transverse costal facet of the first thoracic vertebra

Question 10

articular facets on rib

Answer 10

smooth, round areas on the head and tubercle of the ribs that allow them to articulate with the vertebrae

Articular facets on tubercles
Articular facets on tubercles are only present on the first to tenth ribs.

Question 11

body of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 11

largest part, anterior side

Question 12

articular facets on thoracic vertebrae

Answer 12

the regions of contact between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

flat, point up/down for superior/inferior
large degree of movement (puts at risk for acute force, move them relative to one another)
-allows flexion, forward and backward movement

Question 13

How do the ribs articulate with the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 13

Costovertebral joints:
The head of the rib articulates with the superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebra, and the inferior costal facet of the vertebra above. The first rib only articulates with the T1 vertebra, and the lowest three ribs only articulate with their own vertebral body.

Costotransverse joints:
The tubercle of the rib articulates with the transverse costal facet of the corresponding vertebra

Question 14

clavicle

Answer 14

sternal end, acromial end

Question 15

scapula

Answer 15

coracoid process, acromion process, spine, lateral and medial border, glenoid cavity

Question 16

humerous

Answer 16

greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, deltoid tuberosity, lateral and medial epicondyles, olecranon fossa, capitulum, trochlea

Question 17

radius

Answer 17

head, styloid process, radial tuberosity

Question 18

ulna

Answer 18

olecranon process, trochlear notch, coronoid process, radial notch of ulna, styloid process

Question 19

How do you define the axial skeleton? How is it different from the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 19

Your axial skeleton is made up of the bones in your head, neck, back and chest. Your appendicular skeleton is made up of everything else — the bones that attach (append) to your axial skeleton

Question 20

What kind of cartilage comprises the articular cartilage?

Answer 20

hyaline cartilage

Question 21

What are the ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint? What do you notice about their names?

Answer 21

Acromioclavicular ligament – runs horizontally from the acromion to the lateral clavicle. It covers the joint capsule, reinforcing its superior aspect.
Coracoclavicular Ligament (Two Parts):
Conoid ligament – runs vertically from the coracoid process of the scapula to the conoid tubercle of the clavicle.
Trapezoid ligament – runs from the coracoid process of the scapula to the trapezoid line of the clavicle.

Question 22

Whether it be on a ski hill or soccer field, there are many people who have separated or dislocated their shoulders. Are they referring to the same thing? Compare and contrast these injuries.

Answer 22

A shoulder separation occurs when the ligaments connecting the clavicle (collarbone) to the scapula (shoulder blade) are stretched or torn, affecting the acromioclavicular (AC) joint.

A shoulder dislocation occurs when the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) is forced out of the glenoid cavity of the scapula, the socket that holds the ball of the shoulder joint. The glenohumeral joint (ball-and-socket joint).

Question 23

Glenohumeral joint is most prone to dislocations:

Answer 23

is known for its extensive range of motion and allows for movements such as flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation. No other joint in the body allows for more range of movement than this joint. Most dislocations occur anteriorly, when the arm is abducted and externally rotated. Anterior dislocations account for approximately 95% of all shoulder dislocations, often resulting from trauma or extreme rotation

Question 24

At what joint does plantar flexion and dorsiflexion of the foot occur? What about inversion and eversion? What are the major articulating sites of those actions?

Answer 24

Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion:
These movements occur at the ankle joint, a hinge joint that allows movement in one plane. Plantar flexion is when the heel is lifted off the ground or the toes are pointed down, while dorsiflexion is when the top of the foot moves toward the leg.

Inversion and eversion;
These movements occur at the subtalar joint and other joints in the foot. Inversion is when the bottom of the foot is turned toward the midline, while eversion is when the bottom of the foot is turned away from the midline

Question 25

At what position is the hip most vulnerable to dislocation?

Answer 25

sitting - ligaments are in a loose position

Question 26

A 70 year old with osteoporosis was walking to her car on an icy day. She slipped on a patch of ice and fell forcefully. After a trip to the emergency room the result of her X-ray showed a fracture. What is the most common location of fracture for females with osteoporosis after a fall like this? How might an orthopedic surgeon repair this fracture? What process seems to be happening at the sight of the fracture?

Answer 26

the most common location of fracture is the distal radius (wrist), specifically a Colles’ fracture. However, other common fracture sites in individuals with osteoporosis include the hip (proximal femur) and the spine (vertebrae).

internal fixation technique: implant in the region to repair bone. Fill in empty space.

necrosis - tissue dying. blood cut off

Question 27

Which bones participate in the action of the knee joint? which bones in this region might not?

Answer 27

Participating Bones: Femur, tibia, patella.
Non-participating Bones in the Region: Fibula (proximal part near the knee), tarsal bones (in the foot, far below).

The fibula’s lack of involvement in the knee joint articulation makes it less critical for direct knee movement, though it plays a supportive role in stabilizing the lateral aspect of the leg.

Question 28

Examine the patella, what structures prevent lateral displacement (moving the Patella left or right)?

Answer 28

ACL and PTL - anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament are two major ligaments in the knee that work together to stabilize the knee and control its front-to-back motion

Question 29

The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments are shown, identify the origin and inserts of these tendons. What movements do they help regulate?

Answer 29

The ACL originates from the posteromedial aspect of the lateral femoral condyle in the femur, It inserts on the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia, just in front of the intercondylar eminence.
Regulated Movements: Prevents anterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur.
Limits hyperextension of the knee.
Provides rotational stability, especially during cutting or pivoting movements.

The PCL originates from the anterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle in the femur, It inserts on the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia, behind the intercondylar eminence.
Regulated Movements:Prevents posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur.
Limits hyperflexion of the knee.
Helps stabilize the knee during downhill walking or when bearing heavy loads.

Question 30

The semilunar cartilage is also termed meniscus which is derived from the ancient Greek word for Crescent. Why do you think that the medial meniscus is more vulnerable to injury?

Answer 30

because it’s less mobile and is attached to the medial collateral ligament and joint capsule. Both menisci have poor blood supply, making it harder for them to heal after injury

Question 31

Synovial fluid is a complex mix of various biological elements - various cell types, but also lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. What is the major polysaccharide carbohydrate that provides the slippery aspect of synovial fluid that makes it an excellent biological lubricant?

Answer 31

hyaluronic acid

Question 32

what type of cartilage can be found in the joint capsule?

Answer 32

hyaline

Question 33

does the cartilage in joint capsule have blood supply or innervation? How might this impact the process of tissue repair?

Answer 33

no it doesn’t - have poor blood supply, making it harder for them to heal after injury