Lab 4 Flashcards by Kathryn Yarchuk

Tree shrews Order

Scandentia

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Colugo Order

Dermoptera

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Monkeys, apes, humans, etc. Order

Primates

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Anteaters and sloths Order

Pilosa

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Armadillos Order

Cingulata

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Pilosa and Cingelada Superorder

Xenarthra

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Hedgehogs Order

Eulipotyphla

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Golden moles, otter shrews, tenrecs order

Afrosoricida

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Aardvarks Order

super Order

Tubulidentata

Afrotheria

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Pangolins Order

Pholidota

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What animals were included in the old order “Edentate”?

Pangolins, Aardvarks, Sloths, Anteaters, Armadillos

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What was “Edentate” based off of? How are these animals similar?

Morphology
toothless
usually long snout
smooth skull

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What is the new phylogeny of “Edentate”

those animals are now all in their own order (except for sloths and anteathers = Pilosa). Based on molecular evidence.

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What families were contained within “Insectivora”

Erinaceidae
Solenodontidae
Soricidae
Tenrecidae
Talpidae 
Chrysochloridae

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What new phylogenetic orders have come out of “Insectivora”

Dermoptera
Eulipotyphla
Macroscelidea
Afrosoricida 
Scandentia

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Afrotheria superorder contains with orders?

MASTHP

Macroscelidea
Afrosoricida
Tubulidentata
Hyracoidea
Proboscidea
Sirenia

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Elephant shrews 
Order
Superorder
- characteristics
- dentition
- where did this order used to be?

Macroscelidea
Afrotheria
large eyes and ears
long snout
F with menstrual cycle
zalambdont
Insectivora

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Distinguishing characteristics of Macroscelidea

lg. A.B
palatal fenestrae
complete zygomatic arch
quadrate molars

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Golden moles 
Order
Superorder
characteristics?
similar to what order? How? divergent or convergent

Afrosoricida
Afrotheria
cone shaped skulls
lack external eyes
modified ears for detecting vibrations

fossorial - convergence with Talpidae

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Tenrecs
Order
Superorder
characteristics

Afrosoricida
Afrotheria
cone shaped head
“hedgehog”

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Distinguishing characteristics of golden mole

well developed Z.A.
conical shaped skull
zalambdodont upper molars

Distinguishing characteristics of tenrecs

long, skinny, flat
incomplete ZA
no jugal
angular tympanic

Aardvark
order, suborder
characteristics
feeding behaviour?

Tubulidentata, afrotheria
constantly growing rootless cheek teeth 
no incisors or canines
long, thing snout
long tongues
semifossorial and myrmecophagous

Distinguishing characteristics of tubulidentata

dentine prisms
no incisors or canines
long/thin snout

Cingulata + Pilosa superorder characteristics

``` Xenarthra lowest MR vertebral joints w/ extra articulations ischoiosacral fusion no incisors or true canines incomplete ZA ```

"Xenarthrous" what is it? what orders? why?

``` vertebral joints with extra articulations fusion of ischium and sacrum add rigidity pilosa and cingulata allows them to curl up into a ball ```

Cingulata

Dermal body armour peg-like teeth that lack incisors and canines unique bony shells

Sloths order limb length? dentition?

``` Pilosa front limbs longer than back - hanging peg teeth for chewing a shearing black (lack enamel) teeth about all equal in size canine-like first cheek tooth ```

anteater order dentition adaptation to eat ants?

pilosa lack teeth cannot open jaw tongue attached to sternum

``` Pholidota order? morphological characteristics dentition skull characteristics ```

``` Pangolins covered w. lg epidermal scales lack teeth cranium robust and conical slender mandible ```

pholidota distinguishing characteristics

smooth cranium weak and narrow mandible ZA incomplete

Pholidota is morphologically similar to _____ | but is most molecularly related to _____

1. Xenathra | 2. Carnivora

What families are in Eulipotyphla? SETS These used to be in what order?

Solenodontidae Doricidae Erinaceidae Talpidae Insectivora

Solenodontidae order? skull characteristics Dental characteristics

``` Eulipotyphla no bullae incomplete ZA os proboscidis grooved lower incisor venomous lg groove on bottom second incisor ```

``` Erinaceidae order? morphological characteristics skull characteristics diet, dentition adaptations to habitat, etc. ```

``` Hedgehogs Eulipotyphla barbless spines on back/sides complete ZA, incomplete AB omnivorous - bunodont torpor well-developed muscle allowing them to roll into ball ```

Soricidae skull features dentition

shrews incomplete ZA no AB fairly lg braincase narrow mandible 1st upper incisors large, hooked and have posterior cusp 1st lower incisors long, and project horizontally (procumbent)

what is the largest and most widely distributed family of insectivores?

Soricidae

arctic shrew | distinction

Sorex arcticus tricoloured - dark on top, lighter brown sides, light undersides

pygmy shrew | distinction

Sorex hoyi very small dark on top, light underside

water shrew | distinction

Sorex palustris | larger, long tail relative to body

montane shrew | distinction

Sorex monticolus small and dusty much lighter

N. short-tailed shrew | distinction

Blarina brevicauda large short tail relative to body length

how to tell between Blarina and Sorex skull

size - Blarina larger dentition - B (2 obvious red tipped teeth) S (4 obvious red tipped teeth)

Talpidae adaptations to habitat

``` fossorial fusiform body short powerful limbs pinnae reduced/absent eyes poorly developed forelimbs permanently outwards humerus short and broad for enhanced muscle attachment ```

star-nosed mole

Condylura cristata excellent hearing, sense of touch and smell hairless nose with 22 pink highly sensitive fleshy tentacles excellent swimmer

Dermoptera what order did this used to be in? what are they most closely related to?

Insectivora | Primates

Dermoptera | morphological characteristics

``` Colugos gliders, lack opposable thumbs herbivorous patagium nocturnal ```

Dermoptera dentition skull characteristics

``` pectinate lower incisors - tooth comb nearly complete post orbital bar first upper incisors sm. second canine-like broad and flat palate ```

Scandentia what order did this used to be in? skull features? dental characteristics?

tree shrews insectivora high brain to body mass ratio poorly developed canines and unspecialized molars

Primate

lg brain post orbital bar/plate binocular vision but short snout distinct lower premolar

lemur vs squirrel monkey skull

Lem. - longer rostrum - postorbital bar - no plate Sq.Mon - shorter rostrum - plate separating orbits from temp. fossa