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A-BIOL1191 LAB > LAB 4 > Flashcards

LAB 4 Flashcards

1
Q

how are hormones distributed throughout the body?

A
  • organs and tissues secrete hormones into interstitial fluid
  • hormones diffuse into nearby capillaries
  • cardiovascular system transports them throughout body
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2
Q

what are local hormones?

A

hormones that affect neighbouring cells or cells that secreted them
- inactivated quickly

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3
Q

what are circulating hormones?

A

hormones that are transported around body
- may be active for minutes to hours

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4
Q

what can hormones affect?

A

the activity of an organ/tissue that contains cells with receptors specific for that hormone

  • receptors maybe in target cell
  • receptors may be on plasmalemma
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5
Q

how do hormones affect homeostasis?

A
  • stimulates changes in metabolic activity and growth of target cells
  • results in growth and development of body
  • regulates metabolism and homeostasis
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6
Q

where does the pituitary gland lie?

A

on sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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7
Q

where do the hypothalamus’ secreted hormones travel?

A

in capillaries of hypophyseal portal system, which carries them directly to the anterior pituitary

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8
Q

what do the hypothalamic hormones do?

A

they can stimulate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones

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9
Q

what are two hormones produced by hypothalamus which are transported to posterior pituitary?

A
  • oxytocin
  • antidiuretic hormone
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10
Q

how are antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin transported to posterior pituitary by the hypothalamus?

A
  • packaged into secretory vesicles
  • moved along axons in infundibular stalk to posterior pituitary
  • fast axonal transport used
  • posterior pituitary stores ADH and oxytocin until nerve impulses stimulate release into capillaries
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11
Q

describe the staining of anterior and posterior pituitary

A

anterior: darker stained
posterior: lighter stained

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12
Q

describe appearance of actively synthesizing cells of anterior pituitary

A

they stain dark red and purple, giving anterior portion of the gland a distinctive grainy appearance

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13
Q

describe appearance of posterior pituitary

A

typically stains a light pink colour, appears streaky

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14
Q

Growth Hormone (GH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: liver, bone, muscle, cartilage

EFFECT:
- stimulates target tissues to synthesize and secrete growth factors, promoting growth of body tissues
- enhances lipolysis
- decreases glucose intake

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15
Q

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: thyroid

EFFECT: stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones (thyroxine, triiodothyronine)

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16
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: ovaries, testes

EFFECT:
- ♀ initiates oocyte development
- ♀ induces ovarian secretion of estrogens
- ♂ stimulates testes to produce sperm

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17
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: ovaries, testes

EFFECT:
- ♀ stimulates estrogen and progesterone secretion
- ♀ stimulates ovulation
- ♂ stimulates testes to produce testosterone

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18
Q

Prolactin (PRL)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: glandular cells of mammary glands

EFFECT: promotes milk production by mammary glands

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19
Q

AdrenoCorticoTropic Hormone (ACTH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: suprarenal cortex

EFFECT: stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol)

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20
Q

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: cutaneous membrane

EFFECT: causes darkening of skin, may influence brain activity

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21
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

GLAND: posterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: smooth muscle of uterus and mammary glands

EFFECT:

  • contraction of smooth muscle of uterus during pregnancy
  • milk secretion by contraction of myoepithelial cells in mammary glands
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22
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

GLAND: posterior pituitary

TARGET TISSUE: kidneys, sweat glands, and arterioles

EFFECT:
- conserved body water, decreases urine volume
- decreases water loss through perspiration
- raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles

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23
Q

how do you palpate your thyroid?

A

place thumb and fingers on either side of trachea, btwn jaw and collar bones

when you swallow, thyroid goes up and down

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24
Q

where is the thyroid gland?

A
  • inferior to larynx
  • anterior to trachea
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25
Q

where are the parathyroid glands?

A

embedded on posterior surface of thyroid gland

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26
Q

what are the thyroid’s follicles?

A

large oval sacs where thyroid gland stores hormones

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27
Q

what are T thyrocytes?

A

follicular cells

forms the wall of each follicle in thyroid, collects iodine from blood and synthesizes thyroglobulin(TGB)

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28
Q

where is thyroglobulin and iodine used?

A

incorporated into thyroid hormones

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29
Q

where is thyroglobulin stored in?

A

the lumen of the thyroid’s follicles

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30
Q

what are C thyrocytes?

A

parafollicular cells

hormone-producing cuboidal cells located between adjacent follicles and produce calcitonin

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31
Q

what are dense prinicipal parathyroid cells?

A

cells in parathyroid glands that produce and secrete parathyroid hormone

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32
Q

what is a goiter?

A

enlarged thyroid gland

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33
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3)

A

GLAND: thyroid (T thyrocytes)

EFFECT:
- increase BMR
- stimulate protein synthesis
- accelerate body growth

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34
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

GLAND: thyroid (T thyrocytes)

EFFECT:
- increase BMR
- stimulate protein synthesis
- accelerate body growth

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35
Q

Calcitonin (CT)

A

GLAND: thyroid (C thyrocytes)

EFFECT:
- lowers Ca 2+ and HPO4 2- levels in blood
- inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts
- accelerates Ca 2+ and PO4 uptake into bone extracellular matrix

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36
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A

GLAND: parathyroid (dense principal parathyroid cells)

EFFECT:
- increases blood calcium and magnesium levels
- decreases blood HPO4 2- levels
- increases bone resoprtion by osteoclasts
- increases Ca 2+ reabsorption and HPO4 2- secretion by kidneys
- promotes calcitriol formation

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37
Q

what is the suprarenal cortex formed of?

A

glandular epithelium

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38
Q

what is the suprarenal medulla composed of?

A

highly modified neurons

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39
Q

what are the three zones of the suprarenal cortex?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona fasciculata
  • zona reticularis
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40
Q

what is the zona glomerulosa

A

outermost layer of suprarenal cortex
- secretes mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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41
Q

what is the zona fasciculata?

A

intermediate layer of suprarenal cortex
- secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)

42
Q

what is the zona reticularis?

A

deep layer of suprarenal cortex
- secrets androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone)

43
Q

what are chromaffin cells?

A

neurons w/ no axons, found in suprarenal medulla
- produce and secrete hormones instead of neurotransmitters

44
Q

describe staining of suprarenal cortex and medulla

A

medulla: pale
cortex: dark
– zona glomerulosa: dark-stained
– zona fasciculata: larger, stained lighter, arranged in parallel columns alternating w/ blood vessels
– zona reticularis: dark-stained

45
Q

how do you distinguish the suprarenal cortex and medulla by the organization of their cells?

A

in cortex: cells form strings that run perpendicular to surface of the organ, pointing towards medulla

in medulla: large, lighter stained cells and many blood vessels

46
Q

Aldosterone

A
  • mineralocorticoid

GLAND: suprarenal cortex

EFFECT: increases NA+ and H2O blood levels, decreases K+ blood levels

47
Q

Cortisol

A
  • glucocorticoid

GLAND: suprarenal cortex

EFFECT:
- increases protein breakdown (except in liver)
- stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
- provides resistance to stress
- dampens inflammation
- depresses immune responses

48
Q

DeHydroEpiAndrosterone (DHEA)

A
  • androgen

GLAND: suprarenal cortex

EFFECT: assist in early growth of axillary and pubic hair in both sexes
- ♀ contributes to libido and are source of estrogens after menopause

49
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A

GLAND: suprarenal medulla

EFFECT: enhances effects of sympathetic part of Autonomic Nervous System during stress

50
Q

what is the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A

the lighter stained pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), responsible for insulin and glucagon production

51
Q

digestive enzymes and buffers

A

GLAND: pancreas (acini)

EFFECT: stabilizes pH, catalyzes food breakdown

52
Q

glucagon

A

GLAND: pancreas (alpha cells in islets)

EFFECT:
- raises blood glucose levels
- releases glucose into blood
- increases glycogen breakdown into glucose in liver (glycogenolysis)

53
Q

insulin

A

GLAND: pancreas (beta cells of islets)

EFFECT:
- lowers blood glucose levels
- accelerates glucose transport into cells
- accelerated glucose into glycogen

54
Q

what are ovaries?

A

gonads found in female pelvic cavity

55
Q

what are the gonads?

A

gamete-producing organs of the reproductive system

56
Q

what are testes?

A

gonads found in male’s scrotum

57
Q

what is the general function of hormones secreted by the gonads?

A

regulates the development and maintenance of the reproductive system

58
Q

what do the corpus luteum and granulosa cells in the ovaries do?

A

produces:

  • progesterone
  • estrogen
  • inhibin
  • relaxin
59
Q

what are nurse cells?

A
  • in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
  • secrete inhibin
60
Q

what are interstitial endocrine cells?

A
  • found between the seminiferous tubules of the testes
  • produce testosterone
61
Q

what are primordial follicles?

A
  • numerous at outer edge of ovarian cortex
  • contains immature oocytes
62
Q

what are primary follicles?

A
  • what primordial follicles turn into under influence of follicle-stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary
  • single layer of cuboidal epithelium cells srrounding them
63
Q

what are granulosa cells?

A

the follicular cell layer of more mature primary follicles

64
Q

what are secondary follicles?

A

what primary follicles turn into after stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary
- have follicular fluid in the antrum (large pool of fluid sandwiched btwn 2 layers of cuboidal epithelium)
- layer of granulosa cells surrounding oocyte secretes estrogens

65
Q

what is ovulation?

A

process where surge of luteinizing hormone from anterior pituitary causes tertiary ovarian follicle to rupture and release an oocyte

66
Q

what is the corpus luteum?

A

a ruptured tertiary ovaria follicle that continues to secrete hormones such as progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, and relaxin if stimulated by luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary

67
Q

what are seminiferous tubules?

A

tightly coiled structures within the lobules of the testes that produce spermatozoa

68
Q

estrogens

A

STRUCTURE: granulosa cells, corpus luteum

EFFECT:
- governs oocyte development
- maintains female genital structures
- maintains appearance of secondary sex characteristics, promotes enlargement of breasts and widening of hips

69
Q

inhibin (in females)

A

ENDOCRINE STRUCTURE: granulosa cells, corpus luteum

EFFECT: inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone secretion from anterior pituitary

70
Q

relaxin

A

ENDOCRINE STRUCTURE: corpus luteum

EFFECT:
- increases flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy
- helps dilate uterine cervix during labour and delivery

71
Q

progesterone

A

ENDOCRINE STRUCTURE: corpus luteum

EFFECT:
- helps prepare endometrium of uterus for implantation of fertilized ovum
- prepares mammary glands for milk secretion

72
Q

testosterone

A

ENDOCRINE STRUCTURE: Leydig cells

EFFECT:
- stimulates descent of testes before birth
- regulates sperm production
- promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

73
Q

inhibin (in males)

A

ENDOCRINE STRUCTURE: Nurse cells

EFFECT: inhibits follicle-stimulating secretion from anterior pituitary

74
Q

what is the pineal gland?

A

posterior part of the epithalamus, located along roof of third ventricle

  • secreted melatonin
75
Q

melatonin

A

GLAND: pineal gland

EFFECT:
- helps set timing of body’s biological clock
- promotes sleepiness
- antioxidant; protects against radicals

76
Q

what is the thymus?

A

large gland in mediastinum that is active in immune system of infants, beginning to atrophy at puberty

  • cells in thymic cortex releases:
    – thymosin
    – thymic humoral factor
    – thymic factor
    – thymopoietin
77
Q

thymosin

A

GLAND: thymus

EFFECT:
- promotes maturation of T-cells
- slows down aging process

78
Q

thymic humoral factor

A

GLAND: thymus

EFFECT:
- promotes maturation of T-cells
- slows down aging process

79
Q

thymopoietin

A

GLAND: thymus

EFFECT:
- promotes maturation of T-cells
- slows down aging process

80
Q

thymic factor

A

GLAND: thymus

EFFECT:
- promotes maturation of T-cells
- slows down aging process

81
Q

what is hyposecretion?

A

inadequate amounts of a hormone being produced

82
Q

what is hypersecretion?

A

excessive amounts of hormone being produced

83
Q

hyposecretion of growth hormone

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

EFFECT: pituitary dwarfism

84
Q

hypersecretion of growth hormone

A

GLAND: anterior pituitary

EFFECT: giantism

85
Q

hyposecretion of ADH

A

GLAND: posterior pituitary

EFFECT: diabetes insipidus

86
Q

hyposecretion of thyroid hormones

A

GLAND: thyroid

EFFECT: congenital hypothyroidism, myxedema (adults)

87
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

GLAND: thyroid

EFFECT: Grave’s disease/ Opthalmic hyperthyroidism

88
Q

Lack of Iodine

A

GLAND: thyroid

EFFECT: Goiter, enlarged thyroid

89
Q

inability to produce insulin b/c immune system destroys beta cells

A

GLAND: pancreas

EFFECT: Type I diabetes

90
Q

target cells have fewer insulin receptors

A

GLAND: pancreas

EFFECT: Type II diabetes

91
Q

too much insulin injected by diabetic

A

GLAND: pancreas

EFFECT: hyperinsulinism, hypoglycemia

92
Q

Hormones that are also neurotransmitters

A

Adrenaline, cortisol, melatonin, norepinephrine

93
Q

Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

A
  • Endocrine glands secrete hormones directory into blood/circulatory system
  • Exocrine glands secrete hormones into ducts
94
Q

How is the level of T3 and T4 hormones regulated in the blood?

A

when the level of thyroid hormones drops too low, the pituitary gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone which stimulates the thyroid gland to produce more hormones

95
Q

Why do hormones only affect specific cells and not all body cells?

A

Because certain cells have specific receptors that fit for the hormones shape

96
Q

What happens when your blood glucose level goes up?

A

insulin released

97
Q

What happens when your blood glucose level goes down?

A

glucagon released

98
Q

How is the level of cortisol regulated in the blood?

A

lowered cortisol in the blood causes hypothalamus to release corticotrophin-releasing hormone cause pituitary to release ACTH which stimulates the release of cortisol
adrenal gland, pituitary gland, hypothalamus

99
Q

How is the level of calcium regulated in the blood?

A

The parathyroid hormone is responsible for the regulation of blood calcium levels

100
Q

how is the level of testosterone regulated in the blood?

A

Regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis and the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

A-BIOL1191 LAB (4 decks)

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