Lab 3 - Cells & Cell Structure Flashcards
Why are gene function and cell function coupled in prokaryotes?
The lack of membrane bound nuclei and organelles
For each type of lens, give the micrometers for each ocular division.
4x = 25 um 10x = 10 um 40x = 2.5um 100x = 1.0um
How many um for every mm/cm?
1000mm/10000cm
What does an Oscillatoria look like?
Long, worm like
What can you see additionally in the electron micrograph?
Polyglucan granules in the interthylakoidal space
What additional details can you see in the E. coli?
Ribosomes and infolding of the plasma membrane
Why do you think the fossils are classified as prokaryotes?
Do to the size and structure; they look too small to be a eukaryote and look similar to the size and shape of most prokaryotes
What can you see in more detail on the euglena?
Flagellum, golgi body + mitochondria and ER
What is the division of labor in Volvox colonies?
Some cells act as the reproductive cell
Do prokaryotes have a cytoskeleton, undergo endocytosis and exocytosis, have ribosomes?
Yes. No. Yes.
How does a muscle cell’s structural function relate to its function in the organism?
Muscle cells function in the cell is to generate movement and heat. In order to do this the muscle cell has myofibrils which allows the cell the strength is needs for movement/pumping
How does a mesophyll’s structural function relate to its function in the organism?
Mesophyll creates energy for the plant cell through photosynthesis. Palisade mesophyll is long and cylindrical in shape and spongy mesophyll is spaced out to allow for gas exchange
How does a sperm cell’s structural function relate to its function in the organism?
Sperm’s function in the body is for reproduction. Sperm cells have a flagellum which allows motility in order to fertilize an egg.
How does a mamalian blood cell’s structural relate to its function in the organism?
Mamalian red blood cell’s function in the organism is to transport oxygen. I can do this because it lacks a nucleus and other big organelles in order to allow room for haemoglobin
How does a muscle cell’s structural component relate to its function in the organism?
Neuron’s allow for chemical and electrical signalling. In order to do this neurons have myelin to help conduct those signals
How does an Adipocyte’s structural components relate to it’s function?
Adipocyte’s function in the organism is to store fat for use as energy and protection. Adipocyte’s have a non-centrally located nucleus and very little cytoplasm which allows it store large fat droplets
Where is simple squamous epithelium located? What is it’s main function?
Located: heart and blood vessels + air sacs in lungs
Function: filtration, diffusion and osmosis
Where is stratified squamous epithelium located? What is it’s function?
Location: superficial layer of skin, lines mouth and esophagus, pharynx and epiglottis
Function: Protection
What is the location and function of the simple cuboidal epithelium?
Location: Surface of ovaries and lines the kidney tubules
Function: Secretion and absorption
Where is the simple columner epithelium located and where is it’s function?
Located: lines the gastrointestinal tract
Function: absorption and secretion
What is the function of the nucleus?
The function of the nucleus is store hereditary information as DNA and to coordinate cell activities
What is the function of the nucleolus?
The function of the nucleolus is to manufacture ribosomes
What is the function of the mitochondria?
The function of the mitochondria is to convert oxygen and nutrients such as glucose into ATP via cellular respiration
What is the function of the chloroplast?
The function of the chloroplast is to convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis
What is the function of Rough endoplasmic reticulum?
The function of rough endoplasmic reticulum is to produce and process proteins that will be added to a membrane or excreted/secreted out of the cell
What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
The function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is to produce lipids, store glucose as glycogen and vice versa, as well as a role in detoxification of toxins
What is the function of the golgi body?
The function of the golgi body is to modify proteins and lipids that come from ER and prepare them for transport to other parts of the cell or export outside of the cell
What is the function of a lysosome?
The main function of a lysosome is to act as a compartment that houses enzymes that breakdown cellular materials that are no longer needed through hydrolysis
What is the function of the centriole?
The function of the centriole is to organize microtubules and aid in cell division by guiding the alignment of chromosomes as they separate during cell division
What is the function of Cilia and Flagella?
The function of cilia and flagella is to move a cell or group of cells or to transport fluid and material closer to the cell for endocytosis, by manipulating the medium the cell is in
What is the function of a Vacuole?
The function of a vacuole is to provide support and structure by helping to maintain turgor pressure, storage by holding minerals, salts, proteins and water, waste disposal, protection and growth by allowing the cell to get bigger without needing new cytoplasm
What is the function of a cell membrane?
The function of a cell membrane is to create a boundry; seperates cell from environment, control the movement of materials across the membrane, house enzymes and proteins for key functions
Explain the benefit of organelles in eukaryotic cells in terms of compartmentalization.
- DNA not coupled to other cell functions: complex gene regulation
- Organelles separate from cytoplasm: each capable of specialized function
Name a key difference between ribosomes and most other organelles.
Ribosomes have no membrane
What membrane bound organelle is the nuclear envelope continuous with?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
What is the cristae of the mitochondria?
An extension of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
If the thylakoid membrane is dishes describe them.
All stacks: stroma
One stack: grana
One plate: thylakoid
What factors determine the rate of penetration by passive diffusion?
- Lipid solubility (big water partition coefficient = more lipid sol)
- Molecular structure (electronegativity)
- Molecular size
- Other properties (ex detergents)
How can the activity of function of the myelin sheath be reflected in the protein:lipid ratio of it’s membrane?
Myelin sheath conducts electro chemical charge, to do this it has more lipids than proteins in it’s membrane which allows easier passage
What is a glycolipid?
A glycolipid is a lipid with carbohydrate attached via glycosidic bond
What is a glycoprotein?
A glycoprotein is a protein with a carbohydrate group attached via glycosylation
What is the function of a gap junction?
The function of a gap junction is to act as a channel between adjacent cells to allow for the transport of water, nutrients and cell-cell comunication
What is the function of a tight junction?
A tight junction creates a tight seal that stops fluids from passing between cells
What is the function of plasmodesmata?
The function of plasmodesmata is to act as a channel between adjacent plant cells that allows for the transport of water, nutrients and communication between plant cells
What is the function of desmosomes?
The function of desmosomes is to pin adjacent cells together; a very strong adhesion
Where are gap junctions found?
Cardiac cells
Where are tight junctions found?
Stomach lining of some mammals
Where are desmosomes found?
Cardiac muscle tissue
How are adherens junctions different from desmosomes, structurally?
Desmosomes: circular/spot shaped
Adherens: belt/band shaped
What is the function of microvilli?
The function of microvilli is to increase the SA and therefore increase absorption of a surface
What is the function of a bush border?
The function of a bush border is to increase SA and therefore absorption
What is the function of fenestrations?
The function of fenestrations is to allow passage of lipid particles and other fluids
What is the function of stacked membranes?
Facilitate transfer of molecules bc of the highly concentrated and ordered assembly
What are the names of 2 popular detergents?
Triton-X and SDS
