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Lab 3: Cell Division Flashcards

Cell Division Lab

1
Q

Binary Fission

A

Prokaryotic cells divide through this process. A single cell splits into two “daughter” cells

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2
Q

Mitotic Cell Division

A

The process that produces two daughter cells nearly identical to the eukaryotic parent.

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3
Q

Mitotically Active

A

Eukaryotic Cells that are actively dividing

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4
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The continue process and phases a Eukaryotic cell goes through to divide.

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5
Q

Interphase

A

The most time is spent in this part of the cell cycle. Divided into three periods: “G_1 (Gap 1)”, “S”, “G_2 (Gap 2)

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6
Q

G_1 (Gap 1)

A

The first part of the interphase where the cells build proteins and grow larger

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7
Q

S (Synthesis of DNA)

A

The second phase of the interphase where cells continue to grow, but also start to copy DNA

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8
Q

G_2 (Gap 2)

A

The third and final part of the interphase. The cell is still growing and and final preparations are made for division.

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9
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

The phase of mitosis and cytokinesis.

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10
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of the nucleus. Part of the mitotic phase. While a continuous cycle, we can artificially divide it into 5 parts

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11
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the whole cell. After this part of the mitotic phase, there are two daughter cells nearly identical to the parent and ready to begin replication (G_1, Gap 1).

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

Made up of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) and proteins (histones). Dispersed inside the nucleus during the interphase.

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13
Q

Chromosomes

A

Comprised of a double stranded DNA molecule with associated proteins. By the end of “S (Synthesis of DNA)” phase, the DNA has been copied and there is twice as much. Copies stick together. In humans there are 46, 23 from your father and 23 from your mother.

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14
Q

Condensing (In mitosis)

A

The chromatin coiling up extremely densely into discrete visible chromosomes. The two copies of DNA are typically attached in the middle forming an “X” shape.

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15
Q

Chromatid

A

The name for each side of the “X” shaped chromosomes.

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16
Q

Centromere

A

The point of attachment between two chromatids

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17
Q

Prophase (plants)

A

First part of mitosis. Chromosomes condense and become visible, nucleolus disappears, spindle starts to form.

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18
Q

Prometaphase (plants)

A

Second part of mitosis. Nuclear envelope breaks up, spindle attached to centromeres and begins to pull on chromosomes

19
Q

Metaphase (plants)

A

Third part of mitosis. Spindle pulling on the centromeres cause the chromosomes to line up along the middle (at the metaphase plate)

20
Q

Anaphase (plants)

A

Fourth part of mitosis. Chromatids break free of each other and are pulled to either end by the spindle (each free chromatid is now considered a chromosome)

21
Q

Telophase (plants)

A

The fifth and final part of mitosis. Spindle begins to disappear, chromosomes begin to disperse, nucleoli begin to form, nuclear envelopes begin to assemble, a new cell wall (cell plate) beings to form.

22
Q

Nucleolus

A

The round granular structure within the nucleus of a cell, composed of proteins, DNA, and RNA, and functions primarily for the creation of ribosomes

23
Q

Spindle (Biology)

A

a spindle-shaped structure, composed of microtubules, that forms near the cell nucleus during mitosis or meiosis and, as it divides, draws the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell.

24
Q

Metaphase Plate

A

An imaginary plane perpendicular to the spindle fibers of a dividing cell, along which chromosomes align during metaphase.

25
Q

Cell plate

A

(in plant cells) a plate that develops at the midpoint between the two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells.

26
Q

Apical Meristem

A

The tip of a plant

27
Q

Diploid

A

A cell that contains two sets of chromosomes, which is double the haploid chromosome number

28
Q

Haploid

A

A single set of unpaired chromosomes

29
Q

Prophase (Animals)

A

First step of mitosis. Cell rounds up as cytoskeleton breaks down. Chromosomes condense and become visible, nucleolus disappears, spindle starts to form.

30
Q

Prometaphase (Animals)

A

Second step of mitosis. Nuclear envelope breaks up. Spindle attaches to centromeres and behins to pull on chromosomes, centrosomes (with centrioles) begind to move to either end of the cell.

31
Q

Centrioles

A

A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division.

32
Q

Metaphase (Animals)

A

The third step of mitosis. Spindle pulling on the centromeres causes the chromosomes to line up along the middle (the metaphase plate)

33
Q

Anaphase (Animals)

A

Fourth Step of mitosis. Chromatids break free of each other and are pulled to either end by the spindle. Each free chromatid is now considered a chromosome. Entire cell elongates

34
Q

Telophase (Animals)

A

The fifth and final step of mitosis. Spindle beings to disappear, chromosomes begin to disperse. Nucleoli begin to form. Nuclear envelopes begin to assemble, the cell begins to pinch in (cleavage furrow).

35
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

the indentation of the cell’s surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division

36
Q

Gametes

A

Two cells that fuse to form a new cell during sexual reproduction. Each gamete must have the haploid number of cell to form a diploid number of cells

37
Q

Meiosis

A

The type of cell division that produces haploid cells (mitosis will always produce haploid cells). NOT part of a cell cycle. The process involes two cell divisions, which may result in four daughter cells

38
Q

Gonads

A

Ovaries in females, testes in males

39
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Much like Mitosis with prophase 1 (prophase and prometaphase together) metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1. An important difference is that in prophase 1, unlike metosis, the chromosomes condese right next to their homologue forming homologous pairs. Each daughter cell of meiosis 1 receives 1 chromosomes (with 2 chromotids) from each homologous pair and therefore has half the number of chromosomes (n) as the parent cell (2n)

40
Q

Homologous Pairs

A

chromosome pairs, one from each parent, that are similar in length, gene position and centromere location.

41
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Virtually identical to mitosis but because it starts with two cells that have n chromosomes each, it produces four cells with n chromosomes each.

42
Q

Gametogenesis

A

The process of a 2n cell becoming a gamete

43
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

The process of male gametes (sperm) from the 2n cell to the gamete.

44
Q

Oogenesis

A

The process of female gametes being produced in the ovaries of animals.

Cell Division (1 decks)

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