Lab 3

Question 1

Somatic nervous system

Answer 1

• voluntary

- effectors (type of tissue that is the target for each division)skeletal muscle

Question 2

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 2

• involuntary

- effectors = smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some glands

Question 3

Nervous system is composed of 2 systems what’s are they

Answer 3

1) central nervous system

2) peripheral nervous system

Question 4

Central nervous system

Answer 4

Brain and spinal cord

Question 5

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 5

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Question 6

The peripheral nervous systems has 2 divisions named ?

Answer 6

1) the afferent or sensory division that carries impulses from peripheral organs towards the CNS
2) the efferent or motor sensory division carried impulses from the CNS out to peripheral organs

Question 7

The efferent division breaks down to 2 division called ?

Answer 7

1) somatic division (skeletal muscle)

2) autonomic division(smooth muscle cardiac muscle and some glands)

Question 8

The autonomic nervous system can be sympathetic or parasympathetic what’s the difference

Answer 8

Sympathetic is responsible for the reasons “fight or flight”
Where,
Parasympathetic is referred to as rest and digest

Question 9

What does sympathetic and parasympathetic activation do to heart rate

Answer 9

Sympathetic division increases heart rate where the parasympathetic division decreases heart rate

Question 10

Describe how you can test sympathetic and parasympathetic activation by measuring electrodermal activity(skin conductance)

Answer 10

Is sympathetic branch is highly aroused than sweat gland activity increases which increases skin conductance and vice versa
Parasympathetic division has no effect on sweat production therefore skin conductance

Question 11

Describe the set up to measure heart rate and electrodermal activity

Answer 11

A volunteer must have electrodes placed on
their
-wrist (white leads to right forearm)
-ankles( black leads to right ankle and red on left ankle)
So we may measure heart rate
and
two fingertips(to measure EDA/sweat production and skin conductance)
and shouldn’t have exercised In the past hour
We then compared the heart rate of the volunteer at rest and at stress/arousal(hold ur breath or think of a stressful situation)
EDA increases when stressed and so did heart rate

Question 12

How do you calculate percent change in heart rate during relaxation

Answer 12

Your min heart rate at rest - your average heart rate / your average heart rate x 100%

Answer should be a net value because heart rate decreased

Question 13

How do you calculate percent change in heart rate during stress

Answer 13

Your max heart rate at stress - your average heart rate / your average heart rate x 100%

Answer should be positive because heart rate increased

Question 14

Basic elements of the reflex arc
(Reflex arcs involve a few neruons or cells of the nervous system, the information only goes from is your body to you spinal cord not your brain.)

Answer 14

1) receptors
2) sensory neuron
3) integration center
4) motor neuron
5) effector

Question 15

1st step

What are receptors and how are they related to reflex arc

Answer 15

Specialized proteins in the membrane, they respond to signals in the enviroment
Ex:pain receptors
-reflex arcs begin with the activation of a receptor

Specialized part of neuron that receives a signal

Question 16

2nd step

What are sensory neurons and how are they related to reflex arc

Answer 16

action potential occurs along the sensory neurons and this information reaches the spinal cord

Neruon that transmits signal to the spinal cord

Question 17

3rd step

Information processing in the CNS

Answer 17

When information processing is performed by an interneuron.

Neuron in spinal cord that connects input to output

Question 18

4th step

The activation of a motor neuron

Answer 18

Neuron transmits signal to the effector

Question 19

5th step

Response by a peripheral effector

Answer 19

Tissue that turns the signal into action usually muscle

Question 20

Reflex test #1= patellar reflex (knee jerk)

Answer 20

-The patellar reflex is an example of a stretch reflex.
-The stimulus is a tap on the patellar tendon t
-The response produces a noticeable kick.
Receptor= muscle spindle(mechanoreceptor)
Superficial or deep=deep
Site of integration=Spinal
Effector=quadriceps muscle
Efferent motor neuron=femoral nerve
Response=a noticeable kick

Question 21

Reflex test #2 Achilles reflex

Answer 21

The ankle jerk reflex, also known as the Achilles reflex, occurs when the Achilles tendon is tapped while the foot is dorsiflexed. It is a type of stretch reflex that tests the function of the gastrocnemius muscle and the nerve that supplies it.
Stimulus=tap on Achilles’ tendon
Receptor=muscle spindle(a mechanoreceptor)
Superficial or deep=deep
Site of integration=Spinal
Effector=gastrocnemius
Efferent=tibial (or sciatic)
Response= plantar flexion(ankle extension )

Question 22

Reflex test #3 plantar reflex

Answer 22

stroking the lateral sole of the foot produces a curling of the toes, called a plantar reflex.

Stimulus=stroking the lateral sole of the foot
Receptor stimulated=cutaneous receptors (mechanoreceptors)
Superficial or deep=superficial
Site of integration=Spinal
Effector=toe flexors
Efferent motor neuron=tibial or sciatic
Observed response=flexion of the toes

Commonly tested in infants

Question 23

olfactory bulbs (l)

Answer 23

• special sensory
• carries special sensory information responsible for the sense of smell
• clinical test= when patient is asked identify doors presented to each nostril with the other nostril occluded.

Question 24

Optic nerve(ll)

Answer 24

• special sensory
• vision
• clinical test=pupillary light reflex (tests for direct and consensual constriction of the pupils after exposure to light ) while patient is gazing into a distance, move a bright from the sides to illuminate each eye separately. The eye in which the light is shining should demonstrate a prompt pupillary constriction .Each eye should be tested separately.

Question 25

Oculomotor nerve(lll)

Answer 25

• motor
• eye movements
• clinical test= pupillary light reflex (tests for direct and consensual constriction of the pupils after exposure to light ) while patient is gazing into a distance, move a bright from the sides to illuminate each eye separately. The eye in which the light is shining should demonstrate a prompt pupillary constriction .Each eye should be tested separately.(also a clinical test for the optic nerve)

Question 26

Trochlear nerve(lV)

Answer 26

-motor
-motor eye movements
Clinical test=ask subject to look downwards without changing the position of their head

Question 27

Trigeminal nerve (V)

Answer 27

-sensory and motor
-chewing food,front of head
Clinical test=have subject close eyes.lightly whisk a piece of dry cotton over the mandibular ,maxillary and ocular areas of the face. Check both sides of the face .have subject clench their teeth while holding one hand firmly under their chin, then open their mouth.

Question 28

Abducens nerve (Vl)

Answer 28

-motor
-eye movements
Clinical test=look to the side without changing the position of the head (move eyes laterally)

Question 29

Facial nerve (Vll)

Answer 29

-sensory and motor
-moves face,tastes
Clinical test = wrinkle the forehead by looking upward,close their eyelids forcefully, grin to show teeth and whistle or purse the lips

Question 30

Vestibulocochlear nerve (Vlll)

Answer 30

-special sensory
-hearing,balance and equilibrium
Clinical test = ask subject to close eyes,and snap your fingers about 1 m away from the left or right side of the head.ask them to identify the direction from which the sound is coming.

Question 31

Glossypharyngeal nerve (lX)

Answer 31

-sensory and motor
-head and neck (taste /swallowing)
Clinical test=dip swab in solution and apply it to the back of the tongue, then ask subject to describe the taste

Question 32

Vagus nerve(X)

Answer 32

-sensory and motor
-thorax and abdomen
Clinical test= posterior wall of pharynx is touched with a tongue depressor.normal response is the contraction of pharyngeal muscles and elevating the soft palate.

Question 33

Accessory nerve (Xl)

Answer 33

-motor
-motor to muscles of the neck and upper back (turns head,lifts shoulders)
Clinical test=place hands on partners shoulders and ask them to raise them against your resistance .place hand on each side of your partners head and ask them to turn the head to each side against your resistance

Question 34

Hypoglossal nerve (Xll)

Answer 34

-motor
-moves tongue
Clinical test=ask subject to protrude tongue on the midline past their teeth, and wiggle it from side to side .

Question 35

Pupillary reflex

Answer 35

Receptor type= photoreceptor
Afferent nerve= optic nerve
Site of integration = cranial
Efferent nerve=oculomotor nerve
Effector=pupillary muscle
Response=contraction of pupils

Question 36

What’s the effect on heart rate when increasing sympathetic activity

Answer 36

Heart rate increases

Question 37

What’s the effect on heart rate when decreasing the sympathetic activity

Answer 37

Heart rate decreases

Question 38

What’s the effect on heart rate when increasing parasympathetic activity

Answer 38

Heart rate decsrease

Question 39

What’s the effect of heart rate when decreasing parasympathetic activity

Answer 39

Heart rate increases

Question 40

What’s the effect of EDA when increasing sympathetic activity

Answer 40

Increases

Question 41

What’s the effect of EDA when decreasing sympathetic activity

Answer 41

Decreases EDA

Question 42

What’s the effect on EDA when increasing or decreasing parasympathetic activity

Answer 42

No effect

Question 43

Spinal reflexes have

Answer 43

Spinal nerves

Question 44

Cranial reflexes

Answer 44

Have cranial nerves

Question 45

What’s the main function of these reflexes

Answer 45

Most reflexes play a role in protection from possible harm in some way
Ex=patellar reflex prevents excessive stretch of the quadriceps muscle group by triggering a contraction(shortening ) of the muscle