Lab 3 Flashcards
Somatic nervous system
- voluntary
- effectors (type of tissue that is the target for each division)skeletal muscle
Autonomic nervous system
- involuntary
- effectors = smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and some glands
Nervous system is composed of 2 systems what’s are they
1) central nervous system
2) peripheral nervous system
Central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
The peripheral nervous systems has 2 divisions named ?
1) the afferent or sensory division that carries impulses from peripheral organs towards the CNS
2) the efferent or motor sensory division carried impulses from the CNS out to peripheral organs
The efferent division breaks down to 2 division called ?
1) somatic division (skeletal muscle)
2) autonomic division(smooth muscle cardiac muscle and some glands)
The autonomic nervous system can be sympathetic or parasympathetic what’s the difference
Sympathetic is responsible for the reasons “fight or flight”
Where,
Parasympathetic is referred to as rest and digest
What does sympathetic and parasympathetic activation do to heart rate
Sympathetic division increases heart rate where the parasympathetic division decreases heart rate
Describe how you can test sympathetic and parasympathetic activation by measuring electrodermal activity(skin conductance)
Is sympathetic branch is highly aroused than sweat gland activity increases which increases skin conductance and vice versa
Parasympathetic division has no effect on sweat production therefore skin conductance
Describe the set up to measure heart rate and electrodermal activity
A volunteer must have electrodes placed on
their
-wrist (white leads to right forearm)
-ankles( black leads to right ankle and red on left ankle)
So we may measure heart rate
and
two fingertips(to measure EDA/sweat production and skin conductance)
and shouldn’t have exercised In the past hour
We then compared the heart rate of the volunteer at rest and at stress/arousal(hold ur breath or think of a stressful situation)
EDA increases when stressed and so did heart rate
How do you calculate percent change in heart rate during relaxation
Your min heart rate at rest - your average heart rate / your average heart rate x 100%
Answer should be a net value because heart rate decreased
How do you calculate percent change in heart rate during stress
Your max heart rate at stress - your average heart rate / your average heart rate x 100%
Answer should be positive because heart rate increased
Basic elements of the reflex arc
(Reflex arcs involve a few neruons or cells of the nervous system, the information only goes from is your body to you spinal cord not your brain.)
1) receptors
2) sensory neuron
3) integration center
4) motor neuron
5) effector
1st step
What are receptors and how are they related to reflex arc
Specialized proteins in the membrane, they respond to signals in the enviroment
Ex:pain receptors
-reflex arcs begin with the activation of a receptor
Specialized part of neuron that receives a signal
2nd step
What are sensory neurons and how are they related to reflex arc
action potential occurs along the sensory neurons and this information reaches the spinal cord
Neruon that transmits signal to the spinal cord
3rd step
Information processing in the CNS
When information processing is performed by an interneuron.
Neuron in spinal cord that connects input to output
4th step
The activation of a motor neuron
Neuron transmits signal to the effector
5th step
Response by a peripheral effector
Tissue that turns the signal into action usually muscle
Reflex test #1= patellar reflex (knee jerk)
-The patellar reflex is an example of a stretch reflex.
-The stimulus is a tap on the patellar tendon t
-The response produces a noticeable kick.
Receptor= muscle spindle(mechanoreceptor)
Superficial or deep=deep
Site of integration=Spinal
Effector=quadriceps muscle
Efferent motor neuron=femoral nerve
Response=a noticeable kick
Reflex test #2 Achilles reflex
The ankle jerk reflex, also known as the Achilles reflex, occurs when the Achilles tendon is tapped while the foot is dorsiflexed. It is a type of stretch reflex that tests the function of the gastrocnemius muscle and the nerve that supplies it.
Stimulus=tap on Achilles’ tendon
Receptor=muscle spindle(a mechanoreceptor)
Superficial or deep=deep
Site of integration=Spinal
Effector=gastrocnemius
Efferent=tibial (or sciatic)
Response= plantar flexion(ankle extension )
Reflex test #3 plantar reflex
stroking the lateral sole of the foot produces a curling of the toes, called a plantar reflex.
Stimulus=stroking the lateral sole of the foot
Receptor stimulated=cutaneous receptors (mechanoreceptors)
Superficial or deep=superficial
Site of integration=Spinal
Effector=toe flexors
Efferent motor neuron=tibial or sciatic
Observed response=flexion of the toes
Commonly tested in infants
olfactory bulbs (l)
- special sensory
- carries special sensory information responsible for the sense of smell
- clinical test= when patient is asked identify doors presented to each nostril with the other nostril occluded.
Optic nerve(ll)
- special sensory
- vision
- clinical test=pupillary light reflex (tests for direct and consensual constriction of the pupils after exposure to light ) while patient is gazing into a distance, move a bright from the sides to illuminate each eye separately. The eye in which the light is shining should demonstrate a prompt pupillary constriction .Each eye should be tested separately.
Oculomotor nerve(lll)
- motor
- eye movements
- clinical test= pupillary light reflex (tests for direct and consensual constriction of the pupils after exposure to light ) while patient is gazing into a distance, move a bright from the sides to illuminate each eye separately. The eye in which the light is shining should demonstrate a prompt pupillary constriction .Each eye should be tested separately.(also a clinical test for the optic nerve)
Trochlear nerve(lV)
-motor
-motor eye movements
Clinical test=ask subject to look downwards without changing the position of their head
Trigeminal nerve (V)
-sensory and motor
-chewing food,front of head
Clinical test=have subject close eyes.lightly whisk a piece of dry cotton over the mandibular ,maxillary and ocular areas of the face. Check both sides of the face .have subject clench their teeth while holding one hand firmly under their chin, then open their mouth.
Abducens nerve (Vl)
-motor
-eye movements
Clinical test=look to the side without changing the position of the head (move eyes laterally)
Facial nerve (Vll)
-sensory and motor
-moves face,tastes
Clinical test = wrinkle the forehead by looking upward,close their eyelids forcefully, grin to show teeth and whistle or purse the lips
Vestibulocochlear nerve (Vlll)
-special sensory
-hearing,balance and equilibrium
Clinical test = ask subject to close eyes,and snap your fingers about 1 m away from the left or right side of the head.ask them to identify the direction from which the sound is coming.
Glossypharyngeal nerve (lX)
-sensory and motor
-head and neck (taste /swallowing)
Clinical test=dip swab in solution and apply it to the back of the tongue, then ask subject to describe the taste
Vagus nerve(X)
-sensory and motor
-thorax and abdomen
Clinical test= posterior wall of pharynx is touched with a tongue depressor.normal response is the contraction of pharyngeal muscles and elevating the soft palate.
Accessory nerve (Xl)
-motor
-motor to muscles of the neck and upper back (turns head,lifts shoulders)
Clinical test=place hands on partners shoulders and ask them to raise them against your resistance .place hand on each side of your partners head and ask them to turn the head to each side against your resistance
Hypoglossal nerve (Xll)
-motor
-moves tongue
Clinical test=ask subject to protrude tongue on the midline past their teeth, and wiggle it from side to side .
Pupillary reflex
Receptor type= photoreceptor Afferent nerve= optic nerve Site of integration = cranial Efferent nerve=oculomotor nerve Effector=pupillary muscle Response=contraction of pupils
What’s the effect on heart rate when increasing sympathetic activity
Heart rate increases
What’s the effect on heart rate when decreasing the sympathetic activity
Heart rate decreases
What’s the effect on heart rate when increasing parasympathetic activity
Heart rate decsrease
What’s the effect of heart rate when decreasing parasympathetic activity
Heart rate increases
What’s the effect of EDA when increasing sympathetic activity
Increases
What’s the effect of EDA when decreasing sympathetic activity
Decreases EDA
What’s the effect on EDA when increasing or decreasing parasympathetic activity
No effect
Spinal reflexes have
Spinal nerves
Cranial reflexes
Have cranial nerves
What’s the main function of these reflexes
Most reflexes play a role in protection from possible harm in some way
Ex=patellar reflex prevents excessive stretch of the quadriceps muscle group by triggering a contraction(shortening ) of the muscle
