Lab Flashcards
What causes black stool?
Iron, high internal bleeds
What causes red stool?
Blood from lower intestine in the digestive tract
What cause maroon stool?
Red food, hemmorrhoids, anal fissures, cancer, ibs
What causes green stool?
Food, iron, decreases transit time, meconium
What causes pale/clay stool?
Lack of bile salt, post barium, enema, hep
How much fluid should an adult intake daily?
1400-2000ml
What is an ileostomy?
Surgical opening in ileum
What is a colostomy?
Surgical opening in the colon
What are some nursing interventions for bowel elimination?
Education Medications Enema Electrolyte balancing Digital removal of stool Nasogastric tube
What are the average patterns of urination?
500ml per urination
5-7 per day
Why are people with diabetes more prone to UTI’s ?
Higher amount of glucose in urine
What is stress incontinence?
Small amount of urine with high abdominal pressure
What is functional incontinence?
Because loss of function cannot get to toilet on time
What is overflow of incontinence?
Over distension of the bladder
What is total incontinence?
Continuous loss of urine
What are the 3 times of urinary diversions?
Uretrostomy- ureters are brought to the abd surface
Nephrostomy- tube of the pelvis to provide urinary drainage
Stoma- on the surface of abdomen
What are some nursing interventions for urine elimination?
Education Urinary diary Intake and output Specimens testing: urinalysis, urine culture Kegal exercises Catheters Continuous bladder irrigation, self catheters Bladder training Bladder scan
What condition is there protein present in urine?
renal disease
What condition is there glucose present in urine?
Diabetes
What foods irritate the bladder?
Tobacco Alcohol Caffeine Aspartame Juice or citrus Tomatoes Greasy or spicy
What are the vital signs?
BP Respiratory rate Pulse Oxygen saturated Temp
What are the guidelines for taking effective vital signs?
Use correct equipment
Minimize environment factors
Consider meds and medical conditions, compare baseline measurements
When do you take vital signs?
Upon admission
During home care visit
Policy of facility
Before during and after procedure or surgery
Before during and after med that alter cardiac or respiratory status
Patient condition changes
Before and after nursing interventions that alter vital signs
What is a normal temp?
36c- 38c
What is a fever or pyrexia temp?
Greater than 38c
What factors effect that cause change in temp?
Age Exercise Circadian rhythm Environment Hormones
What is an average infant pulse?
120-160bpm
What is an average pulse of a school aged child?
75-100bpm
Average pulse of an adult?
60-100
What is ventilation?
Movement of gases in and out of the lungs
What is diffusion?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide from air to blood
What is perfusion?
Red blood cells thought capillaries to tissue
What is eupnea?
Average depth of ventilation
What is apnea?
Respirations stop then resume
What is hypertension?
140+/90+
What is orthostatic hypotension?
Low BP when posture changes quickly
What is religion?
Beliefs, doctrines, creeds
Rituals, practices
Communal worship
What are the 4 spiritual needs?
Meaning and purpose in life
Giving and receiving love
Hope and creativity
Meaning and suffering
What are the two values of culture care?
Values of the individual first
Beliefs and practices of the culture second
What does PIECES stand for?
Physical Intellectual Emotional Capabilities Environment Social spiritual and sexual
What are the 4 tasks of grief?
- Accept the reality of the loss
- Experiences the pain of the loss
- Adjust to the environment where the deceased is missing
- Withdraw emotional energy from deceased and invest in new relationships and activities
What is the leading cause of death for persons between 1-34?
Accidents
What is the leading cause of death of persons 65+?
Falls
Why are older adults are at risk for injury because..
Changes in vision, hearing, mobility, reflexes and circulation
Psychological changes
Factors to reduce the risk of SIDS?
Smoke free environment
Breastfeed
Back to sleep
Safe sleep environment
What are signs and symptoms of SIDS?
Vomiting seizing or unconsciousness with interrupted breathing or death
What % of children die from SIDS?
19%
What is the 1st step in addiction?
Primary: the addiction is a problem in and of itself; it is not a symptom of another problem
What is the second action in addiction?
Chronic: it will never go away
What is the third stage in addiction?
Genetic: it is influenced by genetic factors
What is the 4th step in addiction?
Progression: develops and worsens over time
What is the final step in addictions?
Fatal: can lead to death
What is the addiction theory?
Less “feel good” chemical in the brain such as dopamine and serotonin, so substances will be abused in order to mimic those neurotransmitters receptors in the brain to obtain that same feeling.
What is there first stage of addiction?
- Prodromal phase:
A. Occasional use will lead to relief use which develops into constant use
Person will build a tolerance
What is the second phase of addiction?
Crucial phase A. Impaired loss of control over use B. Rationalize use C. Denial D.attempts to quit E. Self pity and isolation
What is the third phase of addictions?
Chronic phase: Longer binges Person will lower standards Withdraws when attempting to quit Emotional and spiritual bankruptcy
What is recovery?
recovery occurs in the mind, body and spirit and recognition that addiction is a disease and that you are a good person
What is use?
Use of a substance as prescribed comes with no consequences
What is misuse?
Not as prescribed, such as taking meds earlier
What is abuse?
Completely changing the administration of the drug. Mental obsession and withdraw symptoms
What is addiction?
Continued use of behaviour despite negative life consequences
What respiratory rate is acceptable for a newborn?
30-60
What respiratory rate is acceptable for a infant?
30-50
What respiratory rate is acceptable for a toddler?
U25-32
What respiratory rate is acceptable for an adult?
12-20
