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Lab Flashcards

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0
Q

What causes black stool?

A

Iron, high internal bleeds

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1
Q

What causes red stool?

A

Blood from lower intestine in the digestive tract

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2
Q

What cause maroon stool?

A

Red food, hemmorrhoids, anal fissures, cancer, ibs

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3
Q

What causes green stool?

A

Food, iron, decreases transit time, meconium

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4
Q

What causes pale/clay stool?

A

Lack of bile salt, post barium, enema, hep

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5
Q

How much fluid should an adult intake daily?

A

1400-2000ml

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6
Q

What is an ileostomy?

A

Surgical opening in ileum

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7
Q

What is a colostomy?

A

Surgical opening in the colon

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8
Q

What are some nursing interventions for bowel elimination?

A 
Education
Medications 
Enema 
Electrolyte balancing 
Digital removal of stool
Nasogastric tube
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9
Q

What are the average patterns of urination?

A

500ml per urination

5-7 per day

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10
Q

Why are people with diabetes more prone to UTI’s ?

A

Higher amount of glucose in urine

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11
Q

What is stress incontinence?

A

Small amount of urine with high abdominal pressure

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12
Q

What is functional incontinence?

A

Because loss of function cannot get to toilet on time

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13
Q

What is overflow of incontinence?

A

Over distension of the bladder

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14
Q

What is total incontinence?

A

Continuous loss of urine

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15
Q

What are the 3 times of urinary diversions?

A

Uretrostomy- ureters are brought to the abd surface
Nephrostomy- tube of the pelvis to provide urinary drainage
Stoma- on the surface of abdomen

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16
Q

What are some nursing interventions for urine elimination?

A 
Education
Urinary diary
Intake and output
Specimens testing: urinalysis, urine culture
Kegal exercises 
Catheters
Continuous bladder irrigation, self catheters 
Bladder training 
Bladder scan
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17
Q

What condition is there protein present in urine?

A

renal disease

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18
Q

What condition is there glucose present in urine?

A

Diabetes

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19
Q

What foods irritate the bladder?

A 
Tobacco
Alcohol
Caffeine 
Aspartame 
Juice or citrus
Tomatoes 
Greasy or spicy
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20
Q

What are the vital signs?

A 
BP
Respiratory rate
Pulse 
Oxygen saturated 
Temp
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21
Q

What are the guidelines for taking effective vital signs?

A

Use correct equipment
Minimize environment factors
Consider meds and medical conditions, compare baseline measurements

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22
Q

When do you take vital signs?

A

Upon admission
During home care visit
Policy of facility
Before during and after procedure or surgery
Before during and after med that alter cardiac or respiratory status
Patient condition changes
Before and after nursing interventions that alter vital signs

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23
Q

What is a normal temp?

A

36c- 38c

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24
Q

What is a fever or pyrexia temp?

A

Greater than 38c

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25
Q

What factors effect that cause change in temp?

A 
Age 
Exercise
Circadian rhythm 
Environment 
Hormones
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26
Q

What is an average infant pulse?

A

120-160bpm

27
Q

What is an average pulse of a school aged child?

A

75-100bpm

28
Q

Average pulse of an adult?

A

60-100

29
Q

What is ventilation?

A

Movement of gases in and out of the lungs

30
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide from air to blood

31
Q

What is perfusion?

A

Red blood cells thought capillaries to tissue

32
Q

What is eupnea?

A

Average depth of ventilation

33
Q

What is apnea?

A

Respirations stop then resume

34
Q

What is hypertension?

A

140+/90+

35
Q

What is orthostatic hypotension?

A

Low BP when posture changes quickly

36
Q

What is religion?

A

Beliefs, doctrines, creeds
Rituals, practices
Communal worship

37
Q

What are the 4 spiritual needs?

A

Meaning and purpose in life
Giving and receiving love
Hope and creativity
Meaning and suffering

38
Q

What are the two values of culture care?

A

Values of the individual first

Beliefs and practices of the culture second

39
Q

What does PIECES stand for?

A 
Physical
Intellectual 
Emotional 
Capabilities 
Environment 
Social spiritual and sexual
40
Q

What are the 4 tasks of grief?

A
  1. Accept the reality of the loss
  2. Experiences the pain of the loss
  3. Adjust to the environment where the deceased is missing
  4. Withdraw emotional energy from deceased and invest in new relationships and activities
41
Q

What is the leading cause of death for persons between 1-34?

A

Accidents

42
Q

What is the leading cause of death of persons 65+?

A

Falls

43
Q

Why are older adults are at risk for injury because..

A

Changes in vision, hearing, mobility, reflexes and circulation
Psychological changes

44
Q

Factors to reduce the risk of SIDS?

A

Smoke free environment
Breastfeed
Back to sleep
Safe sleep environment

45
Q

What are signs and symptoms of SIDS?

A

Vomiting seizing or unconsciousness with interrupted breathing or death

46
Q

What % of children die from SIDS?

A

19%

47
Q

What is the 1st step in addiction?

A

Primary: the addiction is a problem in and of itself; it is not a symptom of another problem

48
Q

What is the second action in addiction?

A

Chronic: it will never go away

49
Q

What is the third stage in addiction?

A

Genetic: it is influenced by genetic factors

50
Q

What is the 4th step in addiction?

A

Progression: develops and worsens over time

51
Q

What is the final step in addictions?

A

Fatal: can lead to death

52
Q

What is the addiction theory?

A

Less “feel good” chemical in the brain such as dopamine and serotonin, so substances will be abused in order to mimic those neurotransmitters receptors in the brain to obtain that same feeling.

53
Q

What is there first stage of addiction?

A
  1. Prodromal phase:
    A. Occasional use will lead to relief use which develops into constant use
    Person will build a tolerance
54
Q

What is the second phase of addiction?

A 
Crucial phase
A. Impaired loss of control over use
B. Rationalize use
C. Denial
D.attempts to quit
E. Self pity and isolation
55
Q

What is the third phase of addictions?

A 
Chronic phase:
Longer binges 
Person will lower standards 
Withdraws when attempting to quit
Emotional and spiritual bankruptcy
56
Q

What is recovery?

A

recovery occurs in the mind, body and spirit and recognition that addiction is a disease and that you are a good person

57
Q

What is use?

A

Use of a substance as prescribed comes with no consequences

58
Q

What is misuse?

A

Not as prescribed, such as taking meds earlier

59
Q

What is abuse?

A

Completely changing the administration of the drug. Mental obsession and withdraw symptoms

60
Q

What is addiction?

A

Continued use of behaviour despite negative life consequences

61
Q

What respiratory rate is acceptable for a newborn?

A

30-60

62
Q

What respiratory rate is acceptable for a infant?

A

30-50

63
Q

What respiratory rate is acceptable for a toddler?

A

U25-32

64
Q

What respiratory rate is acceptable for an adult?

A

12-20

Nursing Science (1 decks)

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