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Freshwater Ecology > Lab > Flashcards

Lab Flashcards

0
Q

Freshwater aquatic representatives of phylum Arthropoda are….?

A

Crustaceans, insects, Arachnids

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1
Q

List some generalities of the Protozoa

A

Eukaryotes, all single celled, sometime colonial, usually live in aquatic environments, they are highly tolerant of extreme conditions

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2
Q

What are the groups found in freshwater ecosystems within class Branchiopoda

A

Fairy shrimps (cladocerans) and clam shrimps (conchostracans)

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3
Q

Daphnia is a _______ within the class _______

A

Conchostracan, branchiopoda

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4
Q

What is “nitrifying”?

A

Bacterial conversion of ammonia to nitrite or nitrite to nitrate.

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5
Q

What happens when water containing ammonia is chlorinated?

A

All ammonia must be oxidized before chlorine can actually help purify water. Chlorine and ammonia react to create monochloramines and dichloramines

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6
Q

How do nitrate and nitrite affect human health?

A

Nitrate is converted to nitrite by the human gastrointestinal tract. Excess nitrite is associated with methemoglobinemia in infants, birth defects, developmental problems of the central nervous system. Nitrite can also influence gastric cancer.

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7
Q

What are the Canadian guidelines for nitrate in water?

A

45mg/L nitrate or 10mg/L nitrate-N

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8
Q

How are nitrate levels measured in water?

A

Ultraviolet spectrophotometry or nitrate electrode

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9
Q

How does phosphorous influence natural waters?

A

Is primary nutrient determining trophic state of lake.

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10
Q

What amount of inorganic phosphorous indicates eutrophic status

A

0.02mg/L

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12
Q

In what forms is phosphorous found in natural waters

A

Primarily phosphates. Orthophosphates, condensed phosphates (such as pyrophosphates or metaphosphates) and organic phosphorous compounds. Found in water, detritus, or living organisms. `

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13
Q

What type of organism is this?

A

Euglena

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14
Q

What are the defining features of the protazoa?

A

Eukaryotic. Usually single-celled (some colonial), can be anywhere from 5 micrometers to 5mm long. Most are quatic, but some are parasitic.

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15
Q

Describe freshwater protozoa

A

Very small (nanoplankton). Highly tolerant of extreme conditions. They feed on bacteria, small phytoplankton and other protozoa. Some ingest dead organic matter and play a large role in nutrient cycling. Most dislike bright light.

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16
Q

Describe the class Rhizopoda

A

Contain amoeboid protozoa that use pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding. Cells may be completely naked, often multinucleate. Others may have loosely fitting external shells called tests.

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17
Q

Describe Rhizopodan “tests”

A

Composed of proteinaceous matrix which can be either silica scales or sand grains. Pseuodopodia emerge from openings in the test. Tests can also contain a bubble of gas for buoyancy

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18
Q

Describe amoeba

A

Move with pseudopodia. Phagocytize bacteria and other micro organisms. Can produce dormant cysts that withstand freezing/dessication.

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

What kind of organism is this?

A

Amoeba

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21
Q

To what phylum does this organism belong?

A

Rhizopoda

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22
Q

To what phylum do these organisms belong?

A

Actinopoda

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23
Q

_______ is the largest protozoan phylum

A

Ciliophora

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24
Q

Describe the structure of organisms in the group actinopoda

A

May be naked or have a silicaceous skeleton with scales/spines. Have thin pseudopods called “actinopodia” as well as delicate filopodia that radiate from the internal skeleton. They feed on other protozoa or on very small multicellular animals.

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25
Q

What phylum does this organism belong to? What are the extensions?

A

Actinopoda. The extensions are either actinopodia or filopodia,

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26
Q

Describe phylum ciliophora

A

Have cilia all over the surface and two kinds of nuclei (micronuclei and macronuclei).

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27
Q

What organism is in this photo? What makes it unique?

A

Paramecium. Cilia pull food into food vacuole. Contractule vacuole expels water.

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28
Q

Describe Vorticella

A

Attached to substrate by a stalk called a myoneme. Allows the organism to move up and down. The cilia generate water currents for feeding.

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29
Q

Describe phylum porifera in freshwater ecosystems

A

Freshwater sponges belong to a single family. They have the ability to withstand harsh conditions by creating gemmules, reproductive structures covered in densely packed spicules. Spicules are made of silica

Freshwater sponges are usually strangely shaped and encrust objects and macrophytes.

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30
Q

What phylum is this organism from? Describe it.

A

Tardigrada. They feed on detritus and plants, are usually found in habitats rich in organic matter. Some appear as females only and reproduce via parthenogenesis.

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31
Q

What phylum is this organism from? Describe the phylum

A

Most species are found in fresh water. Live as zooplankton or attached to submerged surfaces, may also be attached to submerged surfaces or on the bottom. Feeding habits are extremely varied - can eat algae, be carnivorous or detritovores. Most are females, as males only show up at some times of the year. Males are extremely small and may not even have a functional digestive tract.

Rotifers have a stiff shell called a lorica surrounding their body

A corona of cilia surround the mouth and are used in both swimming and feeding. Appendages also can cement rotifers to substrate as well asfunction in crawling.

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32
Q

List some phosphate sources

A

Naturally, rock weathering.

Usually they arise from human activity. Orthophosphates are used in fertilizers. Phosphates are also found in soaps, detergents, commercial cleaners. Orthophosphates may also be used to purify water supplies (to deter leaching of lead). The final contributor of phosphates is sewage and industrial effluents

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33
Q

How do phosphorous levels fluctuate throughout the year?

A

When maximum macrophyte and algae levels are reached, phosphorous levels may be undetectable. When these organisms die in the fall, phosphorous is released back into the water. IT can be recycled back in by rooted macrophytes.

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34
Q

What role does Phosphorous generally play in a water body?

A

Phosphorous is the primary limiting nutrient determining how productive a body is. The more phosphorous there is, the higher the productivity. The higher the productivity, the lower the biodiversity.

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35
Q

How is phosphorous measured in lakes?

A

As TOTAL PHOSPHORUS. A digestion step must occur to liberate phosphates in organic compounds.

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36
Q
A
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37
Q

To what phylum does this organism belong? Describe their life history traits

A

Phylum Nematomorpha. They are long and thin, and dark in colour. Have been called Horsehair worms. They have parasitic larval stages living in aquatic insects or molluscs, and free-living adult stages. They are slow moving.

The adults have no functional digestive tract, ingesting food only as larva. The adult body is mostly gonads and the two sexes die shortly after reproduction. The eggs are eaten by insects or snails, and the larvae hatch, enter the body cavity of the host, swells the host up and bursts forth.

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38
Q

Describe the phylum Annelida

A

Two classes are common in MB. Have repeating body segments.

One group, Oligochaeta look like and are closely related to earthworms. They live in the bottom sedimetns and feed on detritus. They play an important role in mixing bottom sediments.

Class **Hirudinea **consists of leeches.

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39
Q

What phylum and class is this organism from? Describe it’s lifestyle

A

Phylum: Annelida

Class: Oligochaeta

Lives in bottom sediments and feed on detritus. Cycle nutrients

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40
Q

What phylum and class is this organism from? Describe it’s lifestyle

A

Phylum: Annelida

Class: Hirudinea

Leeches are flattened, possess piercing and sucking devices for feeding. A sucker surrounds the mouth and another, larger sucker is found posteriorly. Some are carnivores and will eat other annelids, snails, insect larvae. They can be scavengers or even suck in whole prey. Parasitic leeches such the blood of their hosts.

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41
Q

Describe the life cycle of parasitic leeches

A

Have pouched or caecae in their gut to hold large quantities of blood. Leeches can store blood up to 9 months. A number of parasitic leeches transmit blood parasites.

Leeches prefer littoral zones because they do not like waves or turbulence

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42
Q

Desribe the leeches of Sewell Lake

A

Up to 30cm long, largest in the world. They swim in open water because they are large enough to withstand it

43
Q

The mixing of bottom sediments is referred to as _____

A

Bioturbation

44
Q

Distinguish between these two shells

A

A - Sinistral

B - Dextral

45
Q

To what phylum, class, and group does this organism belong? What type of shell does it have?

A

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

Group: Pulmonata

Dextral shell

46
Q

Describe the types and lifestyles of gastropods

A

Gastropods have no larval stages. They lay eggs on macrophytes or submerged objects (though one species in the whiteshell gives birth to live young). There are two basic types of Gastropods, Pulmonates and Prosobranchs.

Pulmonates have a lung and must surface periodically to breathe (some can breathe underwater bubbles).

Prosobranchs have gills and can live in much deeper water (water must be aerated, then). They feed on periphyton, macrophyte tissue, and organic detritus.

47
Q

To what phylum, class, and group does this organism belong?

A

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Gastropoda

Group: Prosobranchia

48
Q

What are the two classes of Mollusca found in freshwater?

A

Pelecypoda, Gastropoda

49
Q

Describe the state of freshwater mussels in North American water

A

Are among the most endangered species on the planet. 40-60% in NA are extinct, due to pollution, damming, and overharvesting. They are good indicators of pollution because many species are sensitive to habitat degradation. They are benthic filter feeders so they take in more pollution than most species would. Some can live over 100 years so they have a long time to take in chemicals and heavy metals

50
Q

Describe the life history traits of freshwater Pelecypods

A

Freshwater mussels are large, while clams are usually smaller.

Mussels have a complex life history where the egg is incubated in the female, then released into the water as a larval stage called a glochidium. This glochidium must attach itself to a very specific type of fish, which means the survival of mussels is dependent on fish biodiversity. Once the larva has developed into a juvenile it drops off.

Clams have no larval stages and simply give birth to live young.

51
Q

What is the organism in this microscope slide?

A

Mussel larvae: Glochidia

52
Q
A
53
Q

To what phylum and class do these organisms belong? What are they? What is their common name?

A

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Pelecypoda

Clams, known as fingernail clams

54
Q

98% of Lake Winnipeg mussels are which two species?

A

Lamsilis radiata, Pyganodon grandis

55
Q

To what phylum and class does this organism belong? What type of animal is it?

A

Phylum: Mollusca

Class: Pelecypoda

This is a freshwater mussel

56
Q

How can one tell the difference between fingernail clams and conchostrata

A

When you open up conchostrate they have no teeth on the seam of the shell

57
Q

What are the freshwater representatives of phylum arthropoda?

A

Crustaceans, insects, arachnids.

58
Q

The water fleas are known as ________

A

Cladocerans

59
Q

What organisms are a part of the group Branchiopoda?

A

Includes water fleas, fairy shrimps (cladocerans), clam shrimps (conchostracans). Can live in a wide range of lakes and conditions (ex. Hypersaline waters or waters covered in ice).
Branchiopods all have many appendages that can be used for purposes such as filter feeding, locomotion, and gas exchange.
Plankton and fish eat branchiopods.

60
Q

The clam shrimps are known as _______

A

Conchostracans

61
Q

What is the phylum, subphylum, class, and order of this organism? Describe the life history traits of this group

A

Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Branchiopoda
Order: Cladocerans
Cladocerans typically have many generations of parthenogenetically reproducing females with diploid eggs. Males only appear sometimes.

62
Q

What is this organism? Classify it

A

Daphnia.

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea

Class: Branchiopoda

Order: Cladocera

63
Q

What phylum, subphylum, and class is this organism from? Describe the characteristics of this class

A

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea

Class: Copepoda

Includes planktonic and benthic species. Less than 5mm in length, can be found in many habitats, of varying sizes. They lack a carapace and have a single, median eye. Reproduction is sexual. Movement is carried out by swimming appendages and they move in darting forward movements.

64
Q

What phylum, subphylum, and class is this organism from? Describe the characteristics of this class

A

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Crustacea

Class: Ostracoda

Often their shells are mistaken for seeds. The body is enclosed in a bivalved carapace. Most are filter feeders, although a few prey on small invertebrates.

65
Q

To what order does this organism belong? Describe the traits of this order

A

Isopoda.

Very few species in freshwater. Can be abundant in littoral or benthic communities.

66
Q

To what order does this organism belong? Describe the traits of this order

A

Amphipoda.

Small (<1cm) shrimp-like, laterally flattened crustaceans. Eaten by planktivorous fish. Can live in many environments. Especially prominent in streams and littoral communities. Lack a carapace and legs used for different things.

67
Q

To what order does this organism belong? What is this organism?

A

Decapoda. Crayfish

68
Q

Describe the traits of Class Insecta

A

Comprises over 75% of known animal species. About 3% are aquqatic. In North America, about 5000 species spend some time in fresh water.

69
Q

Describe the two basic insect developmental cycles, including examples of organisms performing each

A
  1. **Incomplete metamorphosis: **Development proceeds from egg to nymph to adult. Nymphs somewhat resemble the adults, but do not have functioning reproductive organs. Transformation to adult is gradual. Group includes dragonflies, stoneflies, mayflies, true bugs.
  2. **Complete metamorphosis: **Development proceeds from egg to larva, pupa, and adult. Abrupt, dramatic transformations. In this group are spongeflies, caddisflies, beetles, and flies
70
Q

What is this organism? What is the Phylum, class, and order? Describe the life cycle of one of these

A

Mayfly. Also known as fishflies.

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Ephemeroptera

Have four membranous wings (hind wings smaller). Immature stages are aquatic, after 1+ years of development, larvae rise to the surface, molt, and fly to the shore. They rest on vegetation and molt again to become adults. The adults lack a gut and simply mate then die. Nymphs can inhabit littoral zone and are primarily herbivorous.

71
Q

What kind of life cycle would this organism have?

A

Incomplete metamorphosis

72
Q

What is this organism? What is the Phylum, class, and order? Describe the life cycle of this order

A

Dragonfly.

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Odonata

Dragonflies/damselflies have 4 large membranous wings of similar size. Nymphs can be found in bottom sediments and are carnivorous, eating invertebrates (and sometimes tadpoles/small fish).

73
Q

True bugs are also known as order ______.

Describe the life history traits of these organisms in fresh water

A

Hemiptera. Include back swimmers, water boatmen, and water striders. Can be associated with bottom sediments, swim about water column, or stride about on surface of the water. Many are able to fly and frequently leave the water

74
Q

What phylum, class, and order does this organism (Stonefly) fall into? Describe the life history traits of stoneflies

A

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Plecoptera

Nymphs of stoneflied usually live in swift, cool streams and littoral zones. They are often associated with submerged stones (thus the name). Nymphal stages may require several years, followed by a mass emergence. Most nymphs are plant/detritus feeders, and are often preyed on by fish.

75
Q

What organism is this? What phylum, class, and order do they fall into? Describe their life history traits

A

Caddisfly.

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Trichoptera

Tricho = hair + ptera = wing. Caddisflies have hairy wings and bodies. The aquqatic larvae resemble caterpillars and they construct elaborate cases out of plant material, sand grains, and shells that are held together by silk. Each species has it’s own particular material/shape, and larvae will spend lots of time finding the right materials. These provide lots of camouflage. They can build nets to catch food or can feed on other organisms and detritus

76
Q

What is the common name of organisms like this? What phylum, class, and order does it belong to? Describe the physiological traits of this order

A

Beetles.

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Coleoptera

Coleo = sheath + ptera = wings. Beetles are the largest order in the entire animal kingdom. They are also the most ancient group of insects. The forewings are hardened protective covers called alytra. Some beetles have aquatic larvae, and some live in the water as adults as well. Many are carnivorous as larvae and adults, but they will basically eat anything.

77
Q

To what phylum, class, and order does this organism belong? What organisms from this order did we look at in class? Describe the characteristics of this order.

A

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Diptera

Blackflies, mosquitos, deer flies, crane flies, horseflies, chironomids

Many flies have aquatic larval stages. Adults are quite different, and can have special mouths adapted for piercing (blackflies) or sucking (mosquitos).

78
Q

What is this organism? To what phylum, class, and order does it belong? Describe it’s life history traits

A

Mosquito.

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Diptera

Lay their eggs in “rafts” in the water. They develop into larvae which are suspended from the water surface. The pupae also develop in the water. The only aerial stage is the adult

79
Q

Describe the chironomid lifestyle

A

Chironomids are dipterans resembling mosquitos (do not bite).

Larvae are commonly found in the benthos, as adults insects are known as midges. They can be extremely abundant and are a favourite food for fish. A single river can contain 200 species, all with different ecological niches.

80
Q

What problems are brought about by excessive cyanobacteria in a water body?

A

Cyanobacteria produce toxins such as **neurotoxins **and hepatotoxins. They can cause rapid death in aquatic organisms and in humans. Cyanobacteria are tumour promoting at chronic low exposures and they are not destoryed by chlorination. Contact with skin produces an allergic reaction and contact with eye can cause blindness.

81
Q

What species is this? What is unique about them?

A

This is the blue-green algae Anabaena. It produced heterocysts for fixing nitrogen

82
Q

What species is this? What is unique about them?

A

The cyanobacterium Oscillatoria. There are several species in Manitoba and they produce neurotoxic alkaloids

83
Q

What organism is this? What is unique about it?

A

The cyanobacterium Microcystis. VEry common in MB

84
Q

Describe the role of Dinoflagellates

A

Produce neurotoxins similar to those of cyanobacteria. Dinoflagellates are responsible for “red tides”. When they bloom, it is illegal to collect shellfish because they will be toxic if consumed

85
Q

What organism is this?

A

The dinoflagellate Ceratium.

86
Q

What type of organism is this?

A

Dinoflagellate

87
Q

Describe the traits of the group “Chrysophytes”.

Describe the organism in the photo.

A

Diatoms form a sub-group of chrysophytes called “bacillariophyceae”.

Synura - colonial alga living in a wide range of water hardnesses. Produces bad tastes and usually a problem just after ice breakup

88
Q

What group do these organisms belong to? Describe them

A

Diatoms belong to the Bacillariophyceae within the chrysophyta.

They have cell walls made of two halves containing silica. They like cooler water and can become a nuisance in early spring or late fall. Some may produce strange tastes because of oils they contain.

89
Q

Describe the group “charophyta”

A

Large algae resembling vascular plants. May grow in large communities and exclude other plants using toxic chemicals. These chemical contain sulphut (smell bad). They are perennials that are very common in MB, especially Shoal Lake

90
Q

What are macrophytes?

A

All plants that are at least partially submerged during the season. Composed of vascular flowering plants, aquatic mosses and liverworts, and large “algae”. Many have narrow tolerance ranges in terms of water quality and are very good indicators of health of a water body.

91
Q

What leaf type does this organism display?

A

Heterophyllic - both submerged and floating leaves.

92
Q

What kind of leaves does this organism have?

A

Floating leaves.

These species have only leaves that float on the water surface (not heterophyllic).

They must grow extremely quickly while they are submerged in order to reach the water surface.

93
Q

What leaf type do these organisms have?

A

Floating leaves, rooted in bottom.

94
Q

What leaf type does this organism have? How does that give it an advantage?

A

Submerged leaves.

Photosynthesize entirely underwater. Flower above water. May be rooted or unrooted. Aquatic mosses and charophytes are also submerged species.

95
Q

What organism is this? What leaf type does it have? What makes it unique?

A

Elodea. Submerged leaves.

Leaf walls only 2 cells thick (epidermis and inner dermis)

96
Q

What organism is pictured here?

A

SUBMERGED duckweed, Lemna trisulca

97
Q

What MB organism is this and what makes it super unique?

A

Vallisneria americana. Completes entire lifecycle underwater.

98
Q

What is this organism? What is its leaf type?

A

This is duckweed. It is a fully floating macrophyte. They are unattached

99
Q

Describe how macrophyte rooting works

A

Macrophytes that normally root in sediments cannot survive long without roots. Many macrophytes have horizontal underground rhizomes that allow them to propogate but also help them overwinter.

100
Q

Describe reproduction in macrophytes

A

Many macrophytes reproduce via vegetative reproduction. If plants are in deeper water and cannot reach the surface to flower, they must rely solely on vegetative reproduction.

101
Q

Describe the unique overwintering structures of *Myriophyllum *and Utricularia

A

These organisms overwinter with turions, **highly compressed spherical buds the remain when the plant has decayed

102
Q

What leaf type does this plant have?

A

Non rooted submerged

103
Q

What leaf type does this plant have? What does that mean for it’s life cycle?

A

Emergent leaves. Most photosynthesis is carried out far above the water

104
Q

List some invasive macrophyte species found in Manitoba

A

Water lettuce, flowering rush, hyacinth, curly lead pondweed

Freshwater Ecology (3 decks)

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