Lab 2 Test

Question 1

Define metabolism

Answer 1

Constant need for cellular energy to

1) collect
2) store
3) release
4) use ATP ENERGY

Question 2

Define Glycolysis

Answer 2

breaks glucose down into two molecules of pyruvate.

Question 3

Define Fermentation

Answer 3

anaerobic process for ATP production that produces ethanol or other waste products from glucose, releasing only 2 ATP per glucose, plus in some cases a large quantity of CO2 gas.

Question 4

Aerobic respiration equation

Answer 4

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —–>6CO2 + 6H2O + ~36-38 ATP

Question 5

Describe 2 ways to measure O2 consumption

Answer 5

1) germinating seeds

2) bacteria present in milk

Question 6

Describe 2 ways to measure CO2 production

Answer 6

1) anerobic respiration

2) alcoholic fermentation in yeast

Question 7

Methylene Blue Reductase Test

Answer 7

1) When oxygen is plentiful, Methylene Blue is a deep blue color
2) If a milk sample contains a large “bacterial load”, the cells will use and rapidly deplete the dissolved O2 in the milk tube.
3) As the O2 levels drop, hydrogen atoms that are removed from the sugars in milk cannot be added to O2 to produce water, and instead they are added to Methylene Blue. This reduced form of Methylene Blue is colorless.

Question 8

Methylene Blue Quality

Answer 8

High Quality: MB reduced only after 6 hours
Good Quality: MB is reduced in 2-6 hours
Poor Quality: MB reduced in 30 min-to 2 hrs
Unacceptable: MB reduced within 30 min

Question 9

Respirators and Germinating Peas

Answer 9

A seed contains a young, embryonic plant and a food supply surrounded by a seed coat. When the seed absorbs water, germination occurs, and the rate of cellular respiration - and O2 consumption - greatly increases.

Question 10

CO2 production in seeds (phenol red indicator)

Answer 10

Phenol red solution, which is pink at neutral pH, will be used to test for the presence of CO2 within the respiration bottles.

Question 11

What is the purpose of Methylene blue?

Answer 11

When oxygen is plentiful, Methylene Blue is a deep blue color.

reduced form of Methylene Blue is colorless

used commercially to screen milk samples; the speed at which reduction occurs following the addition of Methylene Blue indicates the milk’s quality

Question 12

What is the purpose of the KOH pellets

Answer 12

. KOH absorbs CO2 gas, forming solid potassium carbonate (K2CO3).

Question 13

Define photosynthesis

Answer 13

light energy from the sun is used to generate ATP through electron transport reactions, called the “light reactions”

Question 14

Define Chlorophyll

Answer 14

The green coloring matter of leaves and plants, essential to the production of carbohydrates by photosynthesis,

Question 15

Define Chromatogram

Answer 15

use paper chromatography to separate chloroplast pigments based on their number of polar groups, using the non-polar solvent petroleum ether/ acetone (9:1 mix). The finished product, showing separated pigments, is called a chromatogram.

Question 16

Define absorption spectrum

Answer 16

absorption of various wavelengths of light by a chlorophyll extract using the SpectroVis spectrophotometer, producing a graph

Question 17

Define carotenoid and xanthophylls

Answer 17

which absorb a different range of wavelengths of light, and reflect orange and yellow wavelengths, respectively

Question 18

Define Photolysis

Answer 18

(“splitting water by light”) provides electrons (and hydrogen ions) for photosynthesis, and results in the production of all of the O2 gas in our atmosphere.

Question 19

Define solvent front

Answer 19

the highest level that the solvent reached

Question 20

Describe how oxygen evolution in elodea is measured

Answer 20

measuring the length of time it takes to generate 1 mL of oxygen gas, we can calculate the rate of photosynthesis.

Question 21

Describe how starch production in Geranium Leaves was measured

Answer 21

In this experiment, you will ‘clear’ the leaves of any chlorophyll pigment by boiling the leaves in alcohol, and then testing the leaves for the presence of absence of starch using iodine. A positive test for iodine production indicates starch reserves in that part of the leaf.

Question 22

4 pigments in spinach leaves

Answer 22

1) b-carotene
2) xanthophylls
3) Chl a
4) Chl b

Question 23

determine the Rf of each pigment with equation…

Answer 23

[distance pigment migrated from start (nm)]/[distance solvent front migrated (nm)]

Question 24

Stages of Mitosis

Answer 24

Interphase (G2)
Early Prophase
Late Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Interphase (G3)

Question 25

Cleavage furrow vs cell plate

Answer 25

Cleavage: microfilaments pull the plasmam membrane inward

Cell plate: forms cellulose wall that separates the 2 cells

Question 26

Function of SDS

Answer 26

break apart strawberry

Question 27

Function of EDTA

Answer 27

takes out magnesium which stops degredation of DNA

Question 28

Function of NaCl

Answer 28

Extracts DNA

Question 29

How much DNA is in each nuclei

Answer 29

1 meter (2nm wide) Total: from Earth to Moon