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A&P I > Lab 2: Cells, Cell Cycle & Epithelium Tissues > Flashcards

Lab 2: Cells, Cell Cycle & Epithelium Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

epithelium, connective, nervous & muscle

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2
Q

2 classes of epithelial tissues and their functions

A
  • Membranes/ covering & lining epithelium: Prevents things from coming inside
  • Glandular epithelium:
    Removes materials from the blood
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3
Q

Overall function of epithelial tissues

A

protection, absorption, secretion, filtration & sensation

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4
Q

Unique features of epithelial tissues

A

polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue (basement membrane), avascular but innervated (no blood supply, diffusion, supplied by nerves) & regeneration

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5
Q

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS function, description & location

A
  • Description: 1 layer (thin/short); squared (little flat rocks on top); close up – flat nerds rope (nuclei = nerds)
  • Function: diffusion, filtration & secretion
  • Location: AIR SACS OF LUNGS, kidney, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & ventral body cavity (serosae)
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6
Q

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL function, description & location

A
  • Description: 1 layer; 3d cubes on top; close up – donut
  • Function: secretion & absorption
  • Location: KIDNEY TUBULES, ducts, small glands & surface of ovary
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7
Q

SIMPLE COLUMNAR function, description & location

A
  • Description: 1 layer; white house columns on top (tall); close up – hairy (cilia) & slimy (mucus) cucumber slice
  • Function: absorption, cilia propels mucus, and secretion of mucus & enzymes
  • Location: SMALL INTESTINE, digestive tract (stomach → rectum), gallbladder, small bronchi & uterine tubes
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8
Q

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR function, description & location

A
  • Description: appears stratified (fake); the bottom is still 1 layer (simple) & has cavities (thin/packed/busy white house); close up – ciliated city (hairs at ends of cell image; different heights/levels of nuclei)
  • Function: secretes mucus & cilia propels mucus
  • Location: TRACHEA (upper respiratory) & sperm
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9
Q

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS function, description & location

A
  • Description: many blurry rocks piled on top of each other; close up – dark & dense → light & scattered seeds on the outside (cells are full of keratin & dead)
  • Function: protects underlying tissues
  • Location: nonkeratinized → LINING OF ESOPHAGUS, mouth & vagina; keratinized → epidermis of skin (dry)
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10
Q

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL function, description & location

A
  • Description: 2 layers of 3D cubes; close-up – ring (basement membrane & duct lamen on the inside)
  • Function: protection
  • Location: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands & SALIVARY GLAND
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11
Q

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR function, description & location

A
  • Description: 3 layers of 3D cubes & has long white house columns with cavities; close up – light & scattered → dark & dense seeds on the outside
  • Function: protection & secretion
  • Location: MALE URETHRA & large ducts of some glands (rare)
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12
Q

TRANSITIONAL function, description & location

A
  • Description: relaxed state; more defined rocks stacked on top of each other; close up – rounded petals like a flower on the ends (resembles stratified squamous & cuboidal)
  • Function: STRETCHES & distension/swelling of urinary organ
  • Location: BLADDER, urutera & urethra
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13
Q

Endocrine vs Exocrine

A
  • Endocrine → lose duct, secretes hormones into extracellular fluid, which enter blood stream & lymph (inside)
  • Exocrine → retain ducts, secrets to body surface or into body cavities (outside)
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14
Q

Telophase key events

A

Begins when chromosomes stop moving, reverse prophase, identical set of chromosomes at opposite poles of cell uncoil → threadlike chromatin form, nuclear envelope & nucleoli appear & spindle disappears; 2 nuclei identical to mother.

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15
Q

Anaphase key events

A

Centromeres (lead the chromosomes) split simultaneously causing chromatid → chromosome (“V”), kinetochore microtubules PULL each chromosome TOWARD ITS POLE, microtubules push the 2 poles apart, chromosomes = short & easy to move (leaves middle open)

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16
Q

Metaphase key events

A

centromeres are at opposite poles of cell (@ equator of spindle), chromosomes LINE UP IN MIDDLE of cell, metaphase plate sits between the pulling & enzymes separate chromatids from each other

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17
Q

Prophase key events

A

chromatin condenses to form chromosomes which interact with spindle microtubules, each chromosome has identical sister chromatids @ centromere, nucleoli & nuclear envelope disappear/break up, mitotic spindle, centrosomes are pulled to opposite poles of cell, asters are present & kinetochore microtubules play TUG OF WAR using the chromosomes which brings the chromosomes to the equator of the cell.

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18
Q

Interphase key events

A
  • Cell growth & normal metabolic activities
  • DNA = chromatin
  • A nuclear envelope & 1 or more nucleoli are visible
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19
Q

3 Periods of Interphase & Key Events

A

G1 → centrioles begin replicating
S → DNA is replicated
G2 → centrioles finish replicating

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20
Q

When does MEIOSIS occur and what does it produce?

A

Meiosis is only for sexual reproduction & produces daughter nuclei that are all genetically different from the mother

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21
Q

What is an issue of the cell cycle?

A

When there is an uncontrolled division of cells, a tumor develops which leads to cancer.

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22
Q

What is cytokinesis & when does it occur?

A

Division of cytoplasm & occurs at the end of mitosis

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23
Q

What is MITOSIS & what does it create?

A

Division of copied DNA (mother cell’s DNA) & makes 2 daughter nuclei that are both identical to mother

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24
Q

What happens before the cell divides?

A

DNA replicates

25
Q

What is the shortest phase of mitosis?

A

Anaphase

26
Q

What is the longest period of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

27
Q

What is not a step of mitosis?

A

Cytokinesis & Interphase

28
Q

Nuclear Envelope purpose & description

A

Double layer porous membrane that bounds the nucleus; nuclear pores regulate what passes through the nucleus (protein & RNA molecules)

29
Q

Purpose of Ribosome

A

Site of protein synthesis

30
Q

Purpose of Smooth ER

A

Site of lipid synthesis

31
Q

Purpose of Rough ER

A

Ribosomes & protein synthesis

32
Q

Purpose of Mitochondria

A

Main site of ATP synthesis

33
Q

Purpose of Nucleus

A

Encloses chromatin

34
Q

Purpose of Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages protein for transportation

35
Q

Purpose of Lysosome

A

Sac of digestive enzymes

36
Q

Purpose of Centriole

A

Form basal bodies; help direct mitotic spindle formation

37
Q

Purpose of Cytoskeleton

A

Internal cellular network of rodlike structures

38
Q

Examples of Inclusion

A

Glycogen granules & foreign ingested material

39
Q

Purpose of Plasma Membrane

A

Forms external boundary of cell

40
Q

Purpose of Nucleolus

A

Packaging site for ribosomes

41
Q

Nucleoli purpose & description

A

Small spherical bodies in nucleus composed of proteins & RNA

42
Q

Nuclear Envelope purpose & description

A

Double-layer porous membrane that bounds the nucleus; nuclear pores regulate what passes through the nucleus (protein & RNA molecules)

43
Q

Function of muscle cells

A

moves the body

44
Q

Function of skin cells

A

protects the organs

45
Q

Function of blood cells

A

Carries oxygen

46
Q

Function of nerve cells

A

Transmits signals

47
Q

Function of bone cells

A

Supports the bone

48
Q

Whats the difference between somatic and sex cells?

A
  • Sex cells = only sperm and egg cell & undergo meiosis
  • Sometic cells are literally everything else; make up most of your body’s tissues & organs (skin, muscles, lungs, gut & hair cells)
49
Q

What’s the plasma membrane made out of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

50
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophilic/phobic & polar/nonpolar

A
  • head = hydrophillic & polar
  • 2 tails = hydrophobic (fats) & nonpolar
51
Q

Selective Permeability

A

Allows nutrients to enter the cell, and prevents waste from coming into the cell.

52
Q

What are the structural building blocks?

A

Fats (lipids) & proteins

53
Q

Microvilli function

A

Tiny folds that increase surface area for absorption, passage of
material, and binding molecules

54
Q

Organelle names (9)

A

Ribosomes, Smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Mitochondria, Cytoskeletal elements & Centrioles

55
Q

What are organelles?

A
  • “Small organs”
  • Suspended in cytosol
  • Metabolic machinery of the cell
  • Highly organized
  • Carry out specific functions for the cell
56
Q

Cytosol description

A

fluid cytoplasmic material

57
Q

Cytoplasm description

A

consists of cell contents between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

58
Q

What’s a non-composite cell? Provide an example and what that cell contains instead.

A

No nucleus or mitochondria; ex: red blood cell/erythrocyte – contains oxygen, iron, B & A polypeptide chain & cell membrane

A&P I (4 decks)

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