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Intro To Soil Science > Lab 2 > Flashcards

Lab 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Pedogenesis

A

The process in which souls grow, develop, erode and slowly transform into other soils over time

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2
Q

Pedogenesis begins with…

A

Parent material

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3
Q

Most soils derive from…

A

Inorganic parent materials acted upon by additions, losses, translocations, and transformations

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4
Q

Weathering

A

Minerals and rocks physically disintegrate into smaller particle sizes, and chemically decompose into altered chemical and mineralogical products

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5
Q

Mineral

A

Naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid having a definite chemical composition and predictable physical properties

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6
Q

Rocks are made of ______and minerals are made of _______

A

Minerals, elements

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7
Q

Crystalline

A

A minerals atoms are arranged in an orderly and repeatable manner; they are not random

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8
Q

Amorphous/noncrystalline

A

A substance having randomly arranged atoms

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9
Q

Nearly 3/4 of earths crust is made up of what two elements (mass)

A

Oxygen and silicone

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10
Q

Eight most common elements in the earths crust

A

Oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium

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11
Q

Seven classes of minerals

A

Sulfides, oxides & hydroxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates

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12
Q

Physical properties of minerals

A

Color, luster, and cleavage & fracture

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13
Q

Luster

A

The nature of light reflected from a minerals surface

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14
Q

Cleavage & fracture

A

A minerals tendency to break along certain predictable directions when the mineral is struck by a hammer

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15
Q

Sulfides

A

Readily oxidized in moist soils

Ex. Pyrite and sphalerite

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16
Q

Oxides

A

Readily oxidized, producing red colors

Ex. Hematite

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17
Q

Halides

A

Rock salt; sometimes found in desert soils

Ex. Halite and sylvite

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18
Q

Carbonates

A

Calcite - Calcareous; reacts to acid; weathers easily in moist soils;
Dolomite - calcareous; less reactive than

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19
Q

Sulfates

A

A common agricultural amendment; sometimes found in desert soils

Ex. Gypsum

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20
Q

Phosphates

A

The only significant source of phosphorus

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21
Q

Silicates

A

The most common mineral classification, made up of silicates

Ex. Olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, micas, feldspars, quartz, serpentine

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22
Q

Possible cleavage directions

A

1, 2, 3, 4 or 6

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23
Q

Hardness

A

Determined by the resistance of a minerals surface to scratching by various instruments of known hardness

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24
Q

18 essential element for plant growth

A

C HOPKNS CaFe Mg B Mn CuZn Cl CoMo Ni

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25
Q

Essential elements that are released form the weathering of minerals for plant use

A

Iron, calcium, magnesium, and potassium

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26
Q

What are the plant-essential elements

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

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27
Q

Four general processes responsible for soil formation

A

Additions, transformations, translocations and losses

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28
Q

Rocks

A

The most common are made of minerals, however some are made of noncrystalline materials

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29
Q

Igneous rocks

A

Forms when molten material (magma) cools and solidifies

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30
Q

Intrusive igneous

A

Magma that remains at depth and cools slowly, forming large grains

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31
Q

Extrusive igneous

A

Magma that erupts and cools rapidly, amorphous or microcrystalline

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32
Q

Felsic igneous

A

Light colored, derived from silica/potassium rich magma, dominated by quartz and orthoclase

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33
Q

Mafic Igneous

A

Dark colored, characterized by calcic plagioclase and ferromagnesian minerals

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34
Q

Igneous rock classifications

A

Felsic, intermediate, mafic, Ultramafic

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35
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Make up the bulk of the earths continental crust, can be clastic or nonclastic

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36
Q

Clastic sedimentary

A

Consist of fragments of previously existing rocks that have been transported to a new location, where they wet deposited and buried layer upon later and cemented togeather

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37
Q

Nonclastic sedimentary

A

Form by chemical precipitation of dissolved of dissolved slats and by biochemical precipitation of organically derived compounds in water

38
Q

What organisms generate nonclastic rocks

A

Bacteria, algae, diatoms, corals, and mollusks

39
Q

Clastic rocks ex.

A

Clay stone, siltstone, mudstone, shale, sandstones & wacke & arenite, conglomerate

40
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Form primarily by the application of extremely high heat and pressure to some previously existing rock

41
Q

What rock is most susceptible to metamorphosis

A

Sedimentary

42
Q

Foliated metamorphic

A

Consist of minerals this are aligned or oriented to yield a somewhat stratified or layered appearance

43
Q

Nonfoliated metamorphic

A

About equally arranged in all directions, giving them a more uniformly massive appearance

44
Q

Foliated Metamorphic rocks ex.

A

Slate, schist, gneiss

45
Q

Non clastic metamorphic rocks ex.

A

Marble, quartzite, serpentinite

46
Q

Nonclastic sedimentary rocks ex.

A

Limestone, dolomite, gypsum, chert

47
Q

Greater fertility (more plant nutrients)

A

More elements

Ex. Granite and gabbro

48
Q

Higher clay content

A

Smaller crystals = more clay

Ex. Wacke and basalt

49
Q

Greater gravel content

A

Bigger crystals = more gravel

50
Q

Greater gravel content

A

Bigger crystals = more gravel

51
Q

Greater water holding capacity

A

More clay and higher porosity

52
Q

Higher pH

A

Lime content

53
Q

Greater soil depth after weathering

A

Faster weathering = greater soil depth after

54
Q

Weathering

A

Breaks rocks and minerals down, resulting in the production of soils, occurs via two processes: physical disintegration and chemical decomposition

55
Q

Physical disintegration

A

Causes rock masses to split apart or to abrade and wear away from the larger rock surface

56
Q

Glacial physical disintegration

A

Freezing and thawing, abrasion by particles suspended in wind or water, and grinding caused by glaciers result in disintegration

57
Q

Chemical decomposition

A

Progresses more rapidly when more corners, edges, and surfaces are available for chemical reactions to occur

58
Q

What type of environment enhances chemical decomposition

A

Warm and wet

59
Q

Chemical decomposition is a combination of five major weathering processes

A

Carbonation, hydration, hydrolysis, oxidation-reduction and solution

60
Q

What causes glacial till to have a high pH

A

The resulting hydrolysis reaction of the fine particles hydrolyzing with the water

61
Q

More H+ =

A

Lower pH, more acidic

62
Q

More OH- =

A

Higher pH, more basic

63
Q

Carbonation and solution

A

The metabolic activities of plant roots and microorganisms produce an abundance of CO2 within soil pores, this CO2 reacts with soil water to produce most of the carbonic acid found in soils

64
Q

Carbonic acid ionization

A

Carbonic acid can ionize into acidic hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO-), not all carbonic acid molecules will release hydrogen ions (H+) due to the nature of weak acids

65
Q

Law of mass action

A

The directions of a chemical reaction depends on the concentration of the reactants and products

66
Q

Rainwater and carbonic acid

A

When rainwater which contains dissolved CO2 enters the soil it forms carbonic acid

67
Q

Calcium bicarbonates dissolving

A

Calcium bicarbonate dissolves slowly and releases soluble calcium ions (Ca2+) for plant uptake or possible leaching downward through the soil when excessive rainfall or irrigation occurs

68
Q

Loss of calcite minerals leads to

A

The development of acidic soils, carbonate hardpans, and the formation of huge underground caverns

69
Q

“Hard water”

A

Calcium bicarbonate in the ground water is the major reason why limestone ground water is considered “hard water”

70
Q

Soluble calcium bicarbonate rxn major effects

A

1) surface soil will become acidic and the pH will decrease due to increased rainfall and CO2 production
2) soluble calcium is made available to plants

Eventually soil becomes depleted of calcium - results in a loss of overall plant nutrition and soil fertility

71
Q

How does physical weathering affect the rate of hydrolysis

A

Speeds up the process

72
Q

How did blowing your breath into the water affect the pH and what caused this?

A

The pH lowered slightly - more acidic. The CO2 from my breath caused a change in pH

73
Q

What happens to CaCO3 (calcite) in high lime content soils that receive abundant rainfall or irrigation water annually for many years

A

It would desolve

74
Q

Which rocks are most susceptible to chemical decomposition by the carbonation reaction

A

Sedimentary rocks

75
Q

Redox reactions

A

Substance losing electron is oxidized, component accepting electrons becomes reduced

OIL RIG

76
Q

Electron transfer as a chem weathering form

A

Constitutes a form of chemical weathering that disrupts the minerals atomic structure, releasing several elements and leading to the development of new compounds including clay minerals

77
Q

When soil is moist and well aerated

A

Iron tends to become oxidized

78
Q

Oxidized iron occurs

A

Where oxygen is present in well-drained soils and produces red, yellow, or brown colors in soils

79
Q

Reduced iron exists

A

In flooded or very poorly drained soils and produces black, gray, olive and blue colors

80
Q

Reduced iron exists

A

In flooded or very poorly drained soils and produces black, gray, olive and blue colors

81
Q

Alternating periods of oxidation and reduction caused by fluctuating water tables results in

A

Redoximorphic features such as concentrations and depletions in the soil

82
Q

Continuous strongly reducing conditions caused by long term water logging form

A

Gleyed conditions, which have dark gray to blue to black soil colors

83
Q

Continuous strongly reducing conditions caused by long term water logging form

A

Gleyed conditions, which have dark gray to blue to black soil colors

84
Q

In the field what soil Topographic or slope position would be most conductive to the formation of reducing conditions or gleyed soils

A

Flood plain bc water accumulation with little to no drainage

85
Q

In the field what soil topographic or slope position would be most conductive to the formation of strongly oxidizing conditions in soil

A

Back slope bc it’s the steepest and allows for better drainage

86
Q

In the field what soil topographic or slope position would be most conductive to the formation of strongly oxidizing conditions in soil

A

Back slope bc it’s the steepest and allows for better drainage

87
Q

Rocks with an abundance of iron containing minerals weather easily and become reddish brown when exposed to the atmosphere why?

A

C of the oxidation process that forms iron oxides which weakens rock structure and allows it to weather faster

88
Q

How do the horizons and overall depths of these two soils (Zaca and Baywood) vary and how is this inflicted by the different parent materials?

A

Zaca has more A horizons and baywood has more C horizons - bc how they lay currently is dependent on how they were transported as parent material

89
Q

How do the horizons and overall depths of these two soils (Zaca and Baywood) vary and how is this inflicted by the different parent materials?

A

Zaca has more A horizons and baywood has more C horizons - bc how they lay currently is dependent on how they were transported as parent material

90
Q

Is the Zaca forming from the underlying bedrock or was it transported by wind, water, etc. how can you tell?

A

Zaca parent material was residual meaning it formed from the underlying bedrock, apparent by the presence of thinly layered mud

91
Q

Is the baywood forming from the underlying bedrock or was it transported by wind, water, etc. how can you tell?

A

Soil was transported by wind bc the parent material is aeolian sand

Intro To Soil Science (1 decks)

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