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OAP > Lab 2 > Flashcards

Lab 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the immovable joints in the skull called?

A

sutures

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2
Q

bones of the skull provide …

A

muscle attachment sites and protection

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3
Q

facial bones provide …

A
  1. attachment for muscles of facial expression
  2. framework of face
  3. support for digestive and respiratory system entrances (nose and mouth)
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4
Q

What are the three unique features of the skull?

A
  1. Sutures
  2. Paranasal sinuses
  3. Fontanels
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5
Q

What are sutures?

A

an immovable joint which holds most skull bones together

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6
Q

What are Paranasal sinuses?

A

4 paired air-filled spaces around nasal cavity

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7
Q

What do paranasal sinuses do?

A

lined by mucous membranes which produce secretions to clear infections and debris, then drain into nasal cavity. Also are resonating chambers that intensify sound (eg speech)

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8
Q

What are fontanelles?

A

soft spots in infants skulls

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9
Q

How many bones make up the entire skull and what is their function?

A

22 bones; protect special sense organs and brain

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10
Q

What two bone groups are there in the skull?

A

Cranial bones and Facial bones

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11
Q

How many cranial bones are there?

A

8 cranial bones forming the cranial cavity

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12
Q

Name the cranial bones

A

Frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid.

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13
Q

How many facial bones are there?

A

14 facial bones forming the face

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14
Q

Name the facial bones

A

2 nasal, 2 maxillae, 2 zygomatic, 2 lacrimal, 2 palatine, 2 inferior nasal conchae, 1 vomer, 1 mandible

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15
Q

what does the frontal bone form?

A

the forehead

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16
Q

what do the parietal bones form?

A

sides/ roof of cranial cavity

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17
Q

what do the temporal bones form?

A

lateral aspects and floor of cranium

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18
Q

What does the occipital bone form?

A

posterior part and most of base of cranium

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19
Q

Which bone is in contact with ALL other cranial bones?

A

Sphenoid

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20
Q

which bone increases the surface area of the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid; traps air particles and humidifies the inhaled air

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21
Q

what facial structure do the nasal bones form?

A

bridge of nose

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22
Q

What do the maxillae form?

A

Forms the upper jawbone and most of hard palate. Also separates nasal and oral cavities.

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23
Q

Which bones form the cheekbones?

A

the zygomatic bones

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24
Q

which bones are the smallest facial bones and form medial wall of orbit?

A

Lacrimal bones

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25
Q

what is the proper name for the jawbone?

A

the mandible

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26
Q

what are foramen?

A

holes which allow veins, ligaments and nerves to pass through

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27
Q

what is a fissure?

A

narrow groove between bones which blood vessels or nerves pass through

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28
Q

what is a fossa?

A

a shallow depression for glands/ tissue

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29
Q

Where is the lacrimal sac found?

A

the lacrimal fossa

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30
Q

what is the largest and strongest bone of the skull?

A

mandible

31
Q

what separates the nasal cavity into right and left nostrils?

A

the nasal septum

32
Q

what is the only movable bone in the skull?

A

mandible

33
Q

which two bones does the mandible articulate with?

A

the temporal bones

34
Q

which bone is NOT attached to any other bones?

A

the hyoid bone

35
Q

What is the function of the hyoid bone?

A

supports tongue, attachment site for muscles of tongue, neck and pharynx, keeps larynx (voice box) open

36
Q

What are the seven bones that make up the orbit?

A

Sphenoid; Ethmoid; Lacrimal; Frontal; Palatine; Maxillary; Zygomatic

37
Q

which bone separated the nasal cavity from the brain cavity?

A

Ethmoid

38
Q

What do sinuses do?

A

membrane-lined cavities, secrete mucus, helps protect respiratory system from irritants/ infection

39
Q

Why is the ethmoid more susceptible to infection?

A

due to it being one of the paranasal sinuses, and has many holes which filter air particles that are inhaled.

40
Q

Which bone does the pituitary gland sit in?

A

Sphenoid bone (specifically in the Sella Turcica)

41
Q

which bone is described as butterfly shaped?

A

Sphenoid bone

42
Q

what is one issue that ay occur in sinuses?

A

Thrombosis (blood clots) which may cause embolism

43
Q

What are fontanels and what do they eventually form?

A

Areas of unossified tissue, eventually replaced with bone to become sutures

44
Q

what is the function of fontanels?

A

provide flexibility to the foetal skull, allowing skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal. Also brain growth.

45
Q

What is Craniosynostosis?

A

Premature cranial suture fusion. Causes abnormal skull shape, disabilities. Severity depends on which/ how many fontanels are affected

46
Q

What are the 4 paired sinuses?

A

Frontal sinus; maxillary sinus; ethmoid sinus; sphenoid sinus

47
Q

Sinusitis may occur if which complex is blocked?

A

Obstruction of Osteomeatal complex

48
Q

What connects the paired sinuses to the nasal cavity?

A

Ostia (small openings)

49
Q

Roles of sinuses:

A
  1. immunological defence
  2. lightening of skull
  3. increase SA for smell (olfaction)
  4. increasing voice resonance
  5. buffer against head trauma
  6. humifying & heating inhaled air
  7. regulating intranasal pressures
50
Q

Which group of muscles arise from bone and insert into skin?

A

muscles of facial expression

51
Q

What is the main nerve innervating muscles of facial expression?

A

Facial nerve (VII cranial nerve)

52
Q

what is Bell’s palsy?

A

facial paralysis due to damage of CN VII (e.g. infection)

53
Q

Which muscle closes the eye?

A

Orbicularis oculi

54
Q

Which muscle opens eye/ raises eyelid?

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

55
Q

Which muscle puckers the mouth?

A

Orbicularis oris

56
Q

Which muscle forms portion of cheek & assists with whistling, blowing, sucking& chewing?

A

Buccinator

57
Q

Where do extrinsic muscles of eye insert?

A

into sclera (white of eye)

58
Q

Where do most extrinsic eye muscles arise?

A

from the Annulus of Zinn

59
Q

What are the fastest and most precisely controlled muscles in the body?

A

Extrinsic muscles of the eye

60
Q

How many rectus muscles of the eye are there?

A

4; lateral, medial, superior, inferior

61
Q

How many oblique muscles of the eye are there?

A

2; inferior and superior

62
Q

Which cranial nerves supply the extrinsic muscles of the eye?

A

Oculomotor (CN III), Trochlear (CN IV), Abducens (CN VI)

63
Q

Which extrinsic muscles of the eye are supplied by Oculomotor (CNIII)?

A

superior, medial, inferior rectus and inferior oblique

64
Q

Which extrinsic muscle of the eye is supplied by Trochlear (CNIV)?

A

Superior oblique

65
Q

Which extrinsic muscle of the eye is supplied by Abducens (CNVI)?

A

Lateral rectus

66
Q

adduction of eye =

A

eye moves inwards (towards nose)

67
Q

abduction of eye =

A

eye moves outwards (away from nose)

68
Q

Intorsion of eye =

A

rotation of eye towards nose

69
Q

Extortion of eye =

A

rotation of eye away from nose

70
Q

Which EOM muscles arise from the Annulus of Zinn?

A

All except the inferior oblique.

71
Q

What is the Annulus of Zinn?

A

a ring of fibrous tissue which surrounds the optic nerve

72
Q

What is the trochlea?

A

a loop of fibrous tissue that the super oblique tendon passes though.

73
Q

What is the only EOM innervated by CN IV (trochlear)?

A

superior oblique

OAP (4 decks)

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