Lab

Question 1

What is the term for the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

Answer 1

Osmosis

Question 2

What is necessary for a controlled experiment?

Answer 2

2 groups, one of the groups does not receive experimental treatment

Question 3

How many 10 mL injections can be prepared from 1 L of a medicine?

Answer 3

100 injections
1 L = 1000 mL
1000 / 10 = 100

Question 4

Equation to get F and C

Answer 4

F= C x 2 +30
C= (F-30)/2

Question 5

The temperature at which an alligator’s egg is incubated will determine the sex of the offspring. The dependent and independent variables in this experiment are

Answer 5

Sex of the baby alligator (Dependent) and
temperature (Independent)

Question 6

Which test is completed to test for the following compounds? (glucose, fructose, sucrose)

Answer 6

Benedict’s

Question 7

When completing the Biuret test, you had four separate solutions (starch, albumin, pepsin, and distilled water).
What solution is the negative control?

Answer 7

Distilled water (ddH-0)

Question 8

What must be present to successfully break down fats during digestion?

Answer 8

Emulsifiers (bile salts) + enzymes

Question 9

Unknown solution X was tested for simple sugars, emulsifiers, protein, and starch.
What does Unknown X contain? Explain.

Answer 9

Traces of simple sugars and peptides

Question 10

How would you train someone to first find an organism on a slide using the microscope?

Answer 10

Stage down, low power objective, scan for organism, use coarse focus to find specimen

Question 11

If the total magnification of a slide is 400x and the ocular lenses are 10x, what is the magnifying power of the objective being used?

Answer 11

40x

Question 12

In this image of onion epidermal cells, why are we unable to see all the organelles?

Answer 12

No stain was used to add contrast and magnification is too low for some organelles

Question 13

Animal cell (buccal cells)

Answer 13

Nucleus = black circle in the middle
Cytoplasm - area surrounding nucleus
Cell membrane - the outer line from the cell

Question 14

Was this cell placed in water or 10%
NaCI? What kind of cell is this? (cells are swelling)

Answer 14

Water, they are stiff because of water gain, if it was nacl then it would be shriveled

Question 15

A patient is admitted to the hospital and given intravenous (IV) fluids. Four hours later, the patient complains that his mouth and eyes feel dry. You notice that he displays signs of dehydration, and when you check his IV, you see that he was given the wrong kind of fluids.
Were these fluids likely hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic?

Answer 15

hypertonic

Question 16

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. What structure is primarily involved in this process, and therefore abundant in liver cells? Identify the structure below.

Answer 16

Black arrow -> Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 17

The number of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration from one
glucose molecule is usually

Answer 17

36-38

Question 18

What was the function of sodium pyruvate in the anaerobic fermentation experiment?

Answer 18

Activator; additional energy source

Question 19

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of fermentation.

Answer 19

A: no 02 required, fast
DA: low ATP production, lactic acid/ethanol production

Question 20

Given the process of glycolysis, which of the following would serve to allosterically inhibit the rate of glycolysis?
a. Increased glucose
b. Increased fructose
c. Increased oxygen
d. Decreased ATP
e. Increased ATP

Answer 20

Increased Atp

Product of glycolysis is ATP, each cycle gives a net of two ATP, thus if we already have high levels of ATP in the body, glycolysis wouldn’t have to occur as frequently be body’s energy demands are already being met. High levels of ATP would serve as an allosteric inhibitor.

Decreased ATP & increased glucose would increase the rate of glycolysis. Increased oxygen or fructose may indirectly increase the rate of glycolysis, depending on other cellular factors.

Question 21

Bacteroides is the predominant genus of bacteria found in the human gut microbiota. As anaerobic bacteria, Bacteroides undergo fermentation in the gut, converting otherwise nondigestible carbohydrates into fermentation products that are used by the host for energy. Which of the following toxins would be most likely to disrupt carbohydrate metabolism in Bacteroides species?

A. A toxin that inhibits the function of an enzyme during glycolysis
b. A toxin that inhibits the use of ATP synthase
c. A toxin that breaks down the membrane proteins of the electron transport chain
d. A toxin that prevents the formation of Krebs Cycle

Answer 21

A toxin that inhibits the function of an enzyme during glycolysis

Question 22

What structure holds two sister chromatids together?

Answer 22

Centromere

Question 23

What two tests were done to test for starch digestion?

Answer 23

lodine and Benedict’s

Question 24

What phase of mitosis is occurring in this cell?

Answer 24

Prophase

Question 25

In ____ (phase) depicted below, ___ are now attached to the the
spindle, and the chromosomes are aligned at the ___

Answer 25

Metaphase; sister chromatids; equator

Question 26

Match each of the enzymes to their respective function
1. Salivary
Amylase
2. Pepsin
3. Trypsin
4. Lingual lipase

A. Hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and diacylglycerols
B. Enzyme produced by pancreas, breaks down proteins in small intestine
C. Enzyme in gastric juices responsible for hydrolysis of proteins
D. Breaks down starch into maltose

Question 27

The ___ plane runs longitudinally
and divides the body into right and left sides.

Answer 27

Sagittal

Question 28

Where in the body, is the tissue you see below, found?

Answer 28

Transitional epithelium - Bladder, urethra, ureters

Question 29

What part of the digestive system is the white arrow pointing to in the fetal pig? (gummy white part)

Answer 29

Pancreas

Question 30

What part of the digestive system is the white arrow pointing to in the fetal pig?

Answer 30

Mesentery of small intestine
Anchors SI to dorsal body wall/abdominal wall

Question 31

Name the tissue and list three characteristics about it (voluntary or not, striations, nucleus).

Answer 31

Smooth muscle
Not striated
Involuntary
Uninucleated

Question 32

Why do cells need to divide (undergo mitosis)?

Answer 32

Growth, repair, replacement

Question 33

Surface-to-volume ratio is an important characteristic for cell function; some cells increase their
ratio by

Answer 33

Developing finger-like projections
Cilia, Microvilli

Question 34

Why are fermentation products such as ethanol and lactic acid made?

Answer 34

NADH needs to be oxidized into NAD+ for glycolysis to continue generating ATP
To regenerate the electron carrier NAD+ from the NADH produced in glycolysis
Extra reactions of fermentation do this by letting NADH drop its electrons off w/ organic molecule (i.e. pyruvate). Drop-off allows glycolysis to keep progressing by guaranteeing steady supply of NAD+.