Lab Flashcards
What is the term for the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
What is necessary for a controlled experiment?
2 groups, one of the groups does not receive experimental treatment
How many 10 mL injections can be prepared from 1 L of a medicine?
100 injections
1 L = 1000 mL
1000 / 10 = 100
Equation to get F and C
F= C x 2 +30
C= (F-30)/2
The temperature at which an alligator’s egg is incubated will determine the sex of the offspring. The dependent and independent variables in this experiment are
Sex of the baby alligator (Dependent) and
temperature (Independent)
Which test is completed to test for the following compounds? (glucose, fructose, sucrose)
Benedict’s
When completing the Biuret test, you had four separate solutions (starch, albumin, pepsin, and distilled water).
What solution is the negative control?
Distilled water (ddH-0)
What must be present to successfully break down fats during digestion?
Emulsifiers (bile salts) + enzymes
Unknown solution X was tested for simple sugars, emulsifiers, protein, and starch.
What does Unknown X contain? Explain.
Traces of simple sugars and peptides
How would you train someone to first find an organism on a slide using the microscope?
Stage down, low power objective, scan for organism, use coarse focus to find specimen
If the total magnification of a slide is 400x and the ocular lenses are 10x, what is the magnifying power of the objective being used?
40x
In this image of onion epidermal cells, why are we unable to see all the organelles?
No stain was used to add contrast and magnification is too low for some organelles
Animal cell (buccal cells)
Nucleus = black circle in the middle
Cytoplasm - area surrounding nucleus
Cell membrane - the outer line from the cell
Was this cell placed in water or 10%
NaCI? What kind of cell is this? (cells are swelling)
Water, they are stiff because of water gain, if it was nacl then it would be shriveled
A patient is admitted to the hospital and given intravenous (IV) fluids. Four hours later, the patient complains that his mouth and eyes feel dry. You notice that he displays signs of dehydration, and when you check his IV, you see that he was given the wrong kind of fluids.
Were these fluids likely hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic?
hypertonic
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. What structure is primarily involved in this process, and therefore abundant in liver cells? Identify the structure below.
Black arrow -> Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The number of ATP produced during aerobic cellular respiration from one
glucose molecule is usually
36-38
What was the function of sodium pyruvate in the anaerobic fermentation experiment?
Activator; additional energy source
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of fermentation.
A: no 02 required, fast
DA: low ATP production, lactic acid/ethanol production
Given the process of glycolysis, which of the following would serve to allosterically inhibit the rate of glycolysis?
a. Increased glucose
b. Increased fructose
c. Increased oxygen
d. Decreased ATP
e. Increased ATP
Increased Atp
Product of glycolysis is ATP, each cycle gives a net of two ATP, thus if we already have high levels of ATP in the body, glycolysis wouldn’t have to occur as frequently be body’s energy demands are already being met. High levels of ATP would serve as an allosteric inhibitor.
Decreased ATP & increased glucose would increase the rate of glycolysis. Increased oxygen or fructose may indirectly increase the rate of glycolysis, depending on other cellular factors.
Bacteroides is the predominant genus of bacteria found in the human gut microbiota. As anaerobic bacteria, Bacteroides undergo fermentation in the gut, converting otherwise nondigestible carbohydrates into fermentation products that are used by the host for energy. Which of the following toxins would be most likely to disrupt carbohydrate metabolism in Bacteroides species?
A. A toxin that inhibits the function of an enzyme during glycolysis
b. A toxin that inhibits the use of ATP synthase
c. A toxin that breaks down the membrane proteins of the electron transport chain
d. A toxin that prevents the formation of Krebs Cycle
A toxin that inhibits the function of an enzyme during glycolysis
What structure holds two sister chromatids together?
Centromere
What two tests were done to test for starch digestion?
lodine and Benedict’s
What phase of mitosis is occurring in this cell?
Prophase
In ____ (phase) depicted below, ___ are now attached to the the
spindle, and the chromosomes are aligned at the ___
Metaphase; sister chromatids; equator
Match each of the enzymes to their respective function
1. Salivary
Amylase
2. Pepsin
3. Trypsin
4. Lingual lipase
A. Hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and diacylglycerols
B. Enzyme produced by pancreas, breaks down proteins in small intestine
C. Enzyme in gastric juices responsible for hydrolysis of proteins
D. Breaks down starch into maltose
The ___ plane runs longitudinally
and divides the body into right and left sides.
Sagittal
Where in the body, is the tissue you see below, found?
Transitional epithelium - Bladder, urethra, ureters
What part of the digestive system is the white arrow pointing to in the fetal pig? (gummy white part)
Pancreas
What part of the digestive system is the white arrow pointing to in the fetal pig?
Mesentery of small intestine
Anchors SI to dorsal body wall/abdominal wall
Name the tissue and list three characteristics about it (voluntary or not, striations, nucleus).
Smooth muscle
Not striated
Involuntary
Uninucleated
Why do cells need to divide (undergo mitosis)?
Growth, repair, replacement
Surface-to-volume ratio is an important characteristic for cell function; some cells increase their
ratio by
Developing finger-like projections
Cilia, Microvilli
Why are fermentation products such as ethanol and lactic acid made?
NADH needs to be oxidized into NAD+ for glycolysis to continue generating ATP
To regenerate the electron carrier NAD+ from the NADH produced in glycolysis
Extra reactions of fermentation do this by letting NADH drop its electrons off w/ organic molecule (i.e. pyruvate). Drop-off allows glycolysis to keep progressing by guaranteeing steady supply of NAD+.
