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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what’s the basic structure unit of living organisms

A

the cell
so all living organisms are made of cells

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2
Q

are all living organisms similar

A

no they vary in shape and size and complexity form

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3
Q

number of cells in tiny organisms vs complex organisms

A

unicellular vs multicellular

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4
Q

examples for tiny organisms and complex organisms

A

tiny organisms: amoeba paramecium no bacteria
for complex organisms animals and plants cells

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5
Q

can cells ( in unicellular or multicellular be seen with naked eyes

A

no they’re hard to visualise

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6
Q

definition of microscope

A

an instrument used to examine very small objects like cells and identify them easily

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7
Q

first one to discover the cell

A

robert hooke when examining crock of plant

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8
Q

microscope is combination of two greek words what are they

A

mikros and it means small
and skopein and it means view

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9
Q

functions of microscope

A

magnification and resolution ( resolution is more important

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10
Q

types of microscope based on energy source and lens

A

light microscope and electron microscope

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11
Q

types of light microscope

A

simple light microscope , compound light microscope, and steromicroscope

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12
Q

how many lena does simple light microscope have

A

one magnifying lens

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13
Q

how many lens does compound light microscope have

A

two sets of lenses (ocular n objective)

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14
Q

when is dissecting microscope used

A

examining large and opaque specimens

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15
Q

types of objective lenses

A

low power x 4
medium power x 10
high power x 40
oil immersion x 100

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16
Q

when is coarse adjustment knob used

A

move stage up and down

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17
Q

when is fine adjustment knob used

A

used t clarify image accurately

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18
Q

what is electron microscope used for

A

studying cellular structures that cannot be seen by light microscope like mitochondria and cell membrane

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19
Q

types of electron microscope

A

transmisión electron microscope and scanning electron microscope

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20
Q

what is scanning electron microscope used for

A

study external surfaces or cells or other objects

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21
Q

what is transmission electron microscope used for

A

study the internal structure of cell

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22
Q

define microscope slide

A

a piece of transparent or plastic that hold a sample

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23
Q

types of samples

A

dry mounts wet mounts and smear

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24
Q

wet mounts used for what

A

living samples aquatic samples and transparent liquid

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25
Q

what does the sample look like in wet mounts

A

very thin and as flats as possible

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26
Q

two types of biological structures

A

acellular and cellular structures

27
Q

define acellular structure

A

group of cells that cannot perform all biological processes because they lack living cell characteristics

28
Q

classes of cellular structure

A

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

29
Q

define cellular structures

A

a group of cells that Can preform all biological processes

30
Q

the nuclear membrane are in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells respectively

A

prokaryotic lack nuclear membrane while eukaryotic have nuclear membrane surrounding the nucleus and separates it from other component

31
Q

describe the organelles in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells respectively

A

prokaryotes lack organelles such mitochondria
while the eukaryotic cells contain organelles that are suspended in the cytoplasm

32
Q

examples on prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells respectively

A

prokaryotic: bacteria green blue algae
while eukaryotic amoeba paramecium plant and animal tissue

33
Q

characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A

has nuclear membrane’ has organelles in the cytoplasm (like chloroplasts cilia flagella vacuoles lipids protein etc)

34
Q

examples of eukaryotic cells

A

chlamydomonas, spirogyra, amoeba, paramecium

35
Q

multicellular eukaryotic cells examples

A

animals and plants tissues

36
Q

animal tissues examples

A

skeletal muscle smooth muscles and cardiac muscles

37
Q

ex of bacteria

A

coccus , rod , spirals , and fliament

38
Q

define organisation

A

a biological system has been with a a specific scope snd organisational principle that

39
Q

what are the principle levels of biological organisation

A

atom, molecules, cells, tissues organs, system , organism

40
Q

how many atoms are essential to the living organisms

A

only 25

41
Q

types of molecules

A

organic and inorganic

42
Q

examples of organic and inorganic molecules respectively

A

organic include carbohydrates, protein, lipids and nuclei acid( dna /rna)
inorganic include: water, mineral salt, acids, and basis

43
Q

carbohydrate types

A

monosaccharide, disaccharide, oligosaccharides , polysaccharide

44
Q

when does carbohydrates produce

A

during photosynthesis

45
Q

what is carbohydrates the main source of

A

energy

46
Q

what’s carbohydrates detector

A

alpha napthol

47
Q

what’s lipid detector

A

petroleum

48
Q

what’s protein detector

A

biurt solution

49
Q

whom did discover nucleic acid

A

was first discovered by fredrich miescher in 1871

50
Q

protein functions

A

help cell communicate, maintain their shape , carry out changes triggers by chemical messengers, transport and share materials

51
Q

main functions of lipids

A

to store energy , enzymes activation, molecular transportation, and metabolism

52
Q

nucleic acid function

A

store and transmit genetics information
the nucleic acid use those information to synthesis new portions

53
Q

each nucleotide contains

A

1-pentode sugar (either ribose (RNA)or deoxyribose) (DNA))
2-phosphate group
3-nitrogen base (purine (A,G) and pyrimidines ( T,C,U)

54
Q

dna has how many strands

A

two

55
Q

what’s dna backbone

A

phosphate deoxyribose

56
Q

dan strands are

A

anti parallel

57
Q

between base pairs there are

A

hydrogen bonds

58
Q

nitrogen base pairs are

A

A=T, G=C

59
Q

how many bases to make genetic code

A

three

60
Q

rna is

A

single stranded

61
Q

rna is made by what

A

copying a single strand of dna

62
Q

what does rna use in base pairs

A

use Uracil instead of thymine to bond with adenine

63
Q

sugar is connected by what

A

phosphodiester bonds

bio 222 lab (1 decks)

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