Lab #1. Rat Anatomy Flashcards
______ attaches muscle to bones
Tendons
______ is the end of the muscle attached to the bone that does NOT move.
Origin
______ is the end of the muscle attached to the bone that DOES move.
Insertion
What do Extensors do? Give one example.
straighten members such as fingers, arms, etc. (ex: triceps brachii)
What do Flexors do? Give one example.
Bend members such as fingers, arms, etc (ex: biceps brachii)
What do Rotators do?
Turn on their axis (ex: muscles of the neck)
what do Elevators do?
lift or raise parts of structures.
Name the origin, insertion and action of the Biceps Brachii.
Origin: Scapula Insertion: Radius Action: flexes + rotates the forearm
Name the origin, insertion and action of the Triceps Brachii.
Origin: Humerus and Scapula Insertion: Ulna Action: extends the elbow (forearm)
Name the origin, insertion and action of the Biceps Femoris.
O: sacral + caudal vertebrae I: distal end of femur, proximal end of tibia A: extends the hip, knee, ankle
Name the origin, insertion and action of the Tribialis Cranialis.
O: Fibula/ Tibia I: Metatarsals A: flexes ankle
Name the origin, insertion and action of the Gastrocnemius.
O: medial/lateral epicondyle femur I: dorsal surface of tuber calcanei (achilles tendon) A: extends the hind foot
Name the origin, insertion and action of the external obliques.
O: 4th-12th ribs and lumbar fascia I: crest of ilium, pubis, linea alba A:compresses the abdominal region
Name three bones of the leg in the rat?
- Tibia (thicker)
- Fibula (thinner)
- Femur (thigh)
* and the patella (knee cap)
What are the 4 salivary glands in the rat?? and what are their functions?
- Parotid
- Mandibular
- Sublingual
- Submaxillary
Function: Secrete saliva and amylase for breakdown of food.
Identify the rat salivary glands in this picture.
red pin= Parotid gland
Yellow pin= Sublingual gland
Green pin= Submaxillary gland
Name three muscle in the arm of the rat?
- Humerus (upper arm)
- Ulna (larger)
- Radius (smaller)
What is the function of the thymus gland? where is it located?
The thymus functions in the development of the immune system. It is where white blood cells mature to become T cells. It is located just above the heart.
Why would the omentum be used for primary fat storage in men but not women?
Because men adapted this over time in order to provide protection of the reproductive organs inside.
why might the use of the hips for fat storage in women be a deceptive secondary sexual characteristic?
Because extra fat is needed around the hip area in order to protect the fetus and is better for child bearing. Part of the signal of having large hips is the implication that they indicate large hip bones and thus a birth canal large enough for a baby’s head. If the hips are sufficiently padded with fat, the fat might make narrow hip bones look wide. While a woman with this configuration would likely have enough fat storage to bring a healthy baby to term, she might be unable to deliver it safely.
what are some of the health risks associated with having a fatty omentum?
Visceral fat is metabolized by the liver and turns it into cholesterol (LDL) which is correlated to diabetes.
explain the negative impact of excess visceral fat on the cardiovascular system?
Excess fat can block insulin from leaving the blood vessels and entering the cells. This causes the pancrease to produce more insulin in order to compensate and causes it to overwork.
why is the liver divided into sections?
To increase surface area and allow more connections to the gallbladder.
having your gallbladder removed does not have a serious effect upon your digestive abilities even though fat emulsification is very important. why is that?
The gallbladder will not be present to store bile but bile is still produced by the liver and brought directly to the small intestine. Most people who have removed their gallbladder may adopt a less fatty diet to adjust for the change.
People whose spleens have been removed (splenectomy) are often told to avoid traveling to third-world countries, why is that?
Because the spleen is a major organ of the immune system and without it people are more suscpetible to infectious disease.
does saliva contain enzymes to break down other food molecules, such as proteins or lipids? explain?
Food doesn’t stay in your mouth for very long, and lipids and proteins are pretty complicated molecules and are therefore broken down in the stomach. Producing these enzymes in saliva would be an inconvenient waste of time and energy, since the pH of saliva is not low enough for peptide hydrolysis (digestion of proteins) to take place anyway.
What are some functions of the liver?
- produces bile
- processes chemicals from the blood (detoxyifies alcohol)
- processes waste products from protein metabolism into the less toxic form of Urea
- breaks down old RBCs and recycles iron
- staging site for WBCs
- temporary stores sugar in the form of glycogen
How is the liver affected by insulin and glucagon?
- liver stores sugar as glycogen
- insulin released by the pancreas causes sugar to be absorbed from the blood and stored as glycogen
- glucagon released by the pancreas causes conversion of glycogen back to sugar and released into the blood
What are the parts of the liver?
- Right & left middle lobes
- Left lateral lobe (large + overlaps the stomach)
- Right lateral lobe (double lobe overlapping the right kidney)
- Caudate lobe (small and folds around esophagus and stomach seen easier if liver is raised)
What are the regions of the stomach?
- cardiac
- fundic
- pyloric
What are the parts of the small intestine?
- Duodenum
- Jejunum
- illeum
Name the 4 sections of the large intestine or colon?
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
What is the function of the cecum?
The cecum is similar to the appendix in humans. It aids in enzymatic breakdown of plant materials like cellulose with the use of bacteria and reabsorbs water.
What is the functions of the kidneys??
- homeostasis and regulation of electrolytes
- Maintenance of acid- base balance
- Regulation of blood pressure
- Natural blood filter
- Reabsorbs small molecules like sugar, water and salts
- Filters out waste
Name some hormones produced by the adrenal glands.
- adrenaline in response to stress
- corticosteroids such as cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine
- androgens
- aldosterone to regulate blood plasma osmolarity
What are the structures involved in the female reproductive system?
- Ovary
- Oviduct
- Uterus (right and left Uterine horns)
what are the structures involved in the male reproductive system?
- Vesicular glands
- Coagulating glands
- Prostate gland
- Ductus deferens or Vas deferens
- penis
- urethra
- epididymis
- testes
- scrotum
Name the structure with the star.
The heart
Name the organ with the star.
Lungs
name the organ with the star.
trachea
name the organ with the star
diaphragm
name the organ with the star
liver
name the structure with the star
stomach
name the structure with the star
spleen
what is the organ with the star
pancreas
what is the organ with the star
Cecum
what is the organ with the star?
urinary bladder in the MALE
what is the organ with the star
Urinary bladder in the FEMALE
name the structure with the star
Testes
name the organ with the star
epididymis
what is the organ with the star
seminal vesicles
name the structure with the star
Vas deferens
name the structure with the star
prostate gland
name the structure with the star
penis
what is the structure with the star
uterus
name the organ with the star
uterine horn
name the organ with the star
ovary
