Lab 1 Questions

Question 1

What is eupnea/eupneic breathing?

Answer 1

• Normal, unforced ventilation
• Thoracic volume is regulated by the action of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles

Question 2

What is hyperpnea described as?

Answer 2

Increased breathing due to exercise
* Increased O2 leads to increased CO2

Question 3

What is dyspnea classified as?

Answer 3

Laboured breathing; diaphragm contracts more forcefully

Question 4

What are obstructive lung diseases classified as?

Answer 4

Loss of elasticity; high compliance
* Airways become more narrowed due to inflammation, edema, smooth muscle constriction, etc.
* FEV1 larger

Question 5

What are restrictive diseases classified as?

Answer 5

Fibrotic lungs; easy for air to move out/low compliance
* Lungs have a reduced FEV1
* Conditions arise from chronic inflammation of foreign particles, fluid accumulation in the lungs, neuromuscular disorders

Question 6

Examples of obstructive diseases?

Answer 6

COPD, Emphysema, Asthma

Question 7

Examples of Restrictive Diseases?

Answer 7

Pulmonary fibrosis, sarcoidosis & pneumonia

Question 8

What happens to Vt, ERV, IRV and TLC during exercise?

Answer 8

• Tidal volume increases during exercise
• TLC does not change
• ERV and IRV get smaller because when Vt gets bigger due to increased ventilation this shortens the reserve volumes

Question 9

What factors contribute to the differences in pulmonary parameters observed between the different subjects in your lab?

Answer 9

• How often someone exercises
• Gender
• Age
• Height (difference in airway length)
• Pulmonary diseases

Question 10

Distinguish between obstructive and restrictive pulmonary diseases? How would you tell whether a person is afflicted with either of these conditions?

Answer 10

1. Obstructive - difficulty breathing air out of lungs, narrowing of airways
2. Restrictive - difficulty breathing air into the lungs

• FEV1/FVC ratio for obstructive is less than 70%, therefore it takes longer to get air out of the lungs ==> 1s, exhale less volume than normal person
• FEV1/FVC ratio for restrictive is 70-80% ==> show difficulty inhaling, not exhaling, both FEV1+FVC lower values than normal b/c total volume exhaled decreased since total volume inhaled is minimal

Question 11

Do you think ventilation becomes a limiting factor during exercise in healthy individuals?

Answer 11

No
* Both O2 and Pa demand increase at the same rate
* PaO2 + PAO2 increases same rate as O2 increases
* Pressure gradient is still maintained

Limiting factor would be Hb amount (if decreased = O2 diffusion decreases)
Muscles ability to utilize O2 decreases