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Anatomy and Physiology 1 LAB > LAB 1 (Exercises: 1.1-1.3, 5.5-5.7, 7.1-7.5) > Flashcards

LAB 1 (Exercises: 1.1-1.3, 5.5-5.7, 7.1-7.5) Flashcards

1
Q

What does superior (cranial) mean?

A

Closer to the head (possibly above)

Example: lungs are superior to stomach

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2
Q

What does Inferior (caudal) mean?

A

Closer to feet (possibly below)

Example: Liver is inferior to heart

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3
Q

What does Anterior (ventral) mean?

A

Closer to the front of the body.

Example: Trachea is anterior to the esophagus

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4
Q

What does posterior (dorsal) mean?

A

Closer to the back of the body.

Example: The vertebral column is posterior to the heart.

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5
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Closer to midline.

Example: The nose is medial to the cheeks.

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6
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Farther from midline.

Example: The spleen is lateral to the pancreas.

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7
Q

What does intermediate mean?

A

Between a more medial and lateral structure.

Example: The clavicle is intermediate to the sternum and shoulders.

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8
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Closer to the trunk (point of attachment).

Example: The shoulder is proximal to the elbow (elbow is the point of attachment and is used as the reference).

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9
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Farther from the trunk (point of attachment).

Example: The wrist is distal to the elbow. (elbow is the point of attachment and is used as the reference).

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10
Q

What is Superficial (external)?

A

Closer to or on the surface.

Example: The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles

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11
Q

What is deep (internal)?

A

Farther from the surface.

Example: The bones are deep to the skin.

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12
Q

What does parietal mean?

A

Pertaining to the wall of a body cavity.

Example: The membrane lining the thoracic wall is the parietal pleura.

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13
Q

What does visceral mean?

A

Pertaining (related) to the covering of an organ.

Example: The membrane that covers the surface of the lungs is the visceral pleura.

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14
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

On the same side of the body.

Example: The right lung is ipsilateral to the liver.

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15
Q

What is contralateral?

A

On the opposite side of the body.

Example: The left arm is contralateral to the right lung.

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16
Q

What is the Frontal Plane?

A

It is the vertical planes that pass longitudinally through the body left and right.

It divides the body into the ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR portions.

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17
Q

What is a frontal section?

A

The surface formed by a cut in the frontal plane

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18
Q

What is the Transverse (horizontal) Plane?

A

The transverse (horizontal) planes divide the body into SUPERIOR and INFERIOR sections.

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19
Q

What are Transverse (cross sections)?

A

Cross sections formed by the cuts along transverse planes.

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20
Q

What are the Sagittal Planes?

A

Vertical planes that pass longitudinally through the body from anterior (front) and posterior (back), dividing the body into LEFT and RIGHT parts.

Two types of sagittal planes:

Midsagittal or median plane: passes through midline and divides the body EQUALLY into left and right halves.

Parasagittal planes: runs parallel to the median plane and divides the body into UNEQUAL left and right parts.

Sagittal sections are formed by cuts along sagittal planes.

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21
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is a certain structure that contains at least two, or often all four types of tissues and carries out specific functions.

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22
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Collection of organs that work together to complete a common function.

Example: Digestive system has the small intestine, oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and most organs in the abdominal cavity.

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23
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Made up of:
- Skin
- Hair
- Nails
- Glands

Functions:
- Helps regulate body temperature
- Gives protection
- Controls water volume
- Eliminates some waste products (such as sweat)
- Vitamin D production
-Gives sensation

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24
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

Made up of:
- Bones
- Cartilage
- Joints

Function:
- Support and protection for the body, production of blood

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25
Q

What is the Muscular system?

A

Made up of:
- Skeletal muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle

Functions:
- Movement
- Posture
- Heat production

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26
Q

What is the Nervous system?

A

Made up of:

  • Brain (CNS)
  • Spinal Cord (Central Nervous System)
  • Nerves to body parts (PNS)
    • Cranial (Brain to body)
    • Spinal (spinal cord to body)

Functions:
- Regulates body activity

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27
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

Made up of:

  • Hormone producing glands
    • Pituitary gland
    • Thyroid gland
    • Parathyroid gland
    • And more… etc

Functions
- Regulates body activities
- Works slower than nervous system, but very powerful
- Regulates distribution of hormones throughout the body

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28
Q

What is the Cardiovascular system?

A

Made up of:

  • Blood
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels

Functions:
- Transport (oxygen, wastes, etc.)

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29
Q

What is the Lymphatic system?

A

Made up of:

  • Lymph
  • Lymphatic vessels
  • Lymphatic tissue

Functions:

  • Brings fluid back into the blood vessels and provides protection for the body (lymph nodes can produce antibodies)
  • Can also remove fluids that leak out of blood vessels
  • Helps with absorbing fats from intestine
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30
Q

What is the Respiratory System?

A

Made up of:

  • Lungs
  • Accessory organs

Function:
- Transport of gases, such as oxygen and CO2.

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31
Q

What is the Digestive System?

A

Made up of:

  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Accessory structures

Functions:

  • Break down and absorption of useful substances from food
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32
Q

What is the Urinary System?

A

Made up of:

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder

Function:

  • Regulates chemical composition of blood
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33
Q

What is the Reproductive system?

A

Made up of:

  • Testes
  • Ovaries
  • Uterine tubes
  • Uterus
  • Epididymis
  • Etc…

Function:

  • Continuation of the species, produce offspring
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34
Q

What is Dense regular connective tissue?

A

Definition: Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers, fibroblasts arranged in parallel row

Locations:

  • Between skeletal muscles and skeleton (tendons and aponeuroses)
  • Between bones or stabilizing positions of internal organs (ligaments)
  • Covering deep fasciae (sheets of connective tissue found beneath skin)

Functions:

  • Provides firm attachment
  • Conducts pull of muscles
  • Reduces friction between muscles
  • Stabilizes position of bones

Tendons - attach muscles to bones
Ligaments - Connect one bone to another and stabilize organs
Aponeuroses - tendinous sheets that attach a broad, flat muscle to another structure

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35
Q

What is dense irregular connective tissue?

A

Definition: Interwoven network of collagen and elastic fibers with intervening fibroblasts

Locations:

  • Capsules of visceral organs
  • periostea and perichondria
  • nerve and muscle sheath
  • dermis

Functions:

  • Provides strength to resist forces from many directions
  • helps prevent over-expansion of organs such as the urinary bladder
36
Q

What is elastic tissue?

A

Definition: Parallel bundles of elastic and collagen fibers with fibroblasts interspersed between them

Location: Between vertebrae of spinal column (ligamenta flava and ligamentum nuchae); ligaments supporting penis; ligaments supporting transitional epithelia; in blood vessel walls

Functions:
- Stabilizes positions of vertebrae and penis
- Cushions shocks
- Permits expansion and contraction of organs

37
Q

What is collagen fiber?

A

Definition: It is the fiber in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues. It is the principle protein of skin, tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bone tissue.

Function: Collagen provides structure to bodies, protecting and supporting softer tissues and also connecting them to skeleton.

38
Q

What is fibroblast nuclei?

A
39
Q

What are elastic fibers?

A
40
Q

What is Hyaline cartilage?

A
41
Q

What is Elastic cartilage?

A
42
Q

What is Fibrocartilage?

A
43
Q

What is Matrix?

A
44
Q

What is Chondrocytes?

A
45
Q

Where is the brachial region?

A

Located by looking at arm (which in anatomy only means upper arm.)

Forearm means lower arm.

46
Q

What is compact bone?

A
47
Q

What is spongy bone?

A
48
Q

What is the central canal?

A
49
Q

What is an osteon?

A
50
Q

What is the lamella?

A
51
Q

What are osteocytes?

A
52
Q

What are canaliculi?

A
53
Q

What is the periosteum?

A
54
Q

What are lacunae?

A
55
Q

What are sutural bones?

A
56
Q

What are flat bones?

A
57
Q

What are long bones?

A
58
Q

What are irregular bones?

A
59
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A
60
Q

What are short bones?

A
61
Q

What is the trabeculae?

A
62
Q

What is the Endosteum?

A
63
Q

What is the Medullary Canal?

A
64
Q

What is the Epiphysis?

A
65
Q

What is the Diaphysis?

A
66
Q

What is the Meatus?

A
67
Q

What is the sinus?

A
68
Q

What is the foramen?

A
69
Q

What is a Process?

A
70
Q

What is a fissure?

A
71
Q

What is a Groove?

A
72
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A
73
Q

What is a condyle?

A
74
Q

What is the Head?

A
75
Q

What is the Neck?

A
76
Q

What is the Tubercle?

A
77
Q

What is the Trochlea?

A
78
Q

What is the Epicondyle?

A
79
Q

What is the trochanter?

A
80
Q

What is the crest?

A
81
Q

What is the Fossa?

A
82
Q

What is the Line?

A
83
Q

What is the Spine?

A
84
Q

What is the Ramus?

A
85
Q

What is the Facet?

A

Anatomy and Physiology 1 LAB (2 decks)

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