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MEDSCI 142 > Lab 1: Digestive System and Body Cavities (Rat) > Flashcards

Lab 1: Digestive System and Body Cavities (Rat) Flashcards

1
Q

What type of animal are humans and rats

A

mammals

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2
Q

What does dentition mean?

A

This is the arrangement of teeth in an organism

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3
Q

What is the anterior part of the RAT

A

the head

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4
Q

What is the anterior of a HUMAN

A

the front of the body

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5
Q

What is the dorsal side of a RAT

A

the back

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6
Q

What is the dorsal side of a HUMAN

A

their back

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7
Q

What is the posterior side of a RAT

A

the tail

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8
Q

What is the posterior side of a HUMAN

A

the back of the body

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9
Q

What is the ventral side of a rat?

A

the belly

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10
Q

What is the ventral side if a HUMAN

A

the belly

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11
Q

What does medial mean?

A

close to the centre line of the body

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12
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

far from the centre line (horizontally)

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13
Q

What are rat teeth adapted for?

A

gnawing

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14
Q

Mandible structure in a rat

A

mandible in two pieces, hinged in the middle

allows variation of bite

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15
Q

Mandible structure in humans

A

single mandible bone

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16
Q

Are canines present in rats

A

no

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17
Q

Are canines present in humans

A

yes

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18
Q

How many incisors do rats have

A

4

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19
Q

How many molars do rats have

A

12

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20
Q

Incisors __ throughout a rats life and lack ___ on their ___ surface giving rise to __ shape

A

grow, enamel, posterior, chisel

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21
Q

Can the spacing between incisors in rats vary?

A

Yes, it can vary at will

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22
Q

Do rats contain a gallbladder

A

no

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23
Q

Do humans contain a gallbladder

A

Yes

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24
Q

Shape of uterus in female rats

A

It is “Y” shaped with two “arms” or horns in which the embryos implant

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25
Q

Where is the penis located in male rats

A

The penis is mostly within, (not outside) the abdominal wall

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26
Q

How many “digits” do the fore and hind limbs of rats and humans have

A

5 (pentadactyle)

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27
Q

Function of tail in rats

A

to balance

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28
Q

When do humans have a tail

A

in embryo stage of life

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29
Q

What are nares

A

nostrils

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30
Q

When can nares be closed in rats

A

underwater

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31
Q

Can humans close their nares

A

no

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32
Q

What are Vibrissae

A

the long hairs on the face of rats

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33
Q

What do Vibrissae allow rats to do

A

Navigate confined spaces in darkness

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34
Q

What is anterior to the scrotum on a rat?

A

the prepuce

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35
Q

What is the prepuce

A

a skin fold concealing the glans of the penis

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36
Q

Where is the penis located in most primates

A

it is external to the body for most of its length

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37
Q

Membrane that SURROUNDS the peritoneal cavity

A

the peritoneum

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38
Q

Name of peritoneum membrane lining the abdominal wall

A

parietal peritoneum

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39
Q

What is a mesentery

A

the double layer of peritoneum suspending the intestine

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40
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum

A

the peritoneum covering the intestine

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41
Q

How many central cavities are present

A

4

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42
Q

What are pleural cavities

A

lung cavities

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43
Q

What is the pericardial cavity

A

heart cavity

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44
Q

Normal colour and texture of the lungs

A

bright pink and spongy

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45
Q

What is the anterior “base” of the heart overlapped by?

A

the two lobes of the thymus gland

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46
Q

Role of the thymus (2)

A
  1. It is a lymphoid organ that plays a role in the formation of T-lymphocytes
  2. It also secretes hormones that are important in the development of other lymphoid tissues
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47
Q

How long is the gut tube when stretched out (not convoluted)

A

5 times the body length of a rat

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48
Q

Why is the gut tube very long

A

gain increased surface area for absorption and secretion

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49
Q

The 3 tubular portions of the gut

A

oesophagus, small intestine, large intestine

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50
Q

Two sacs of the gut

A

stomach and caecum

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51
Q

Where does absorption and secretion occur?

A

anywhere downstream of the oesophagus and in the liver and pancreas (two large glands)

52
Q

What are derived embryologically from the gut lining

A

the liver and pancreas

53
Q

Where do the liver and pancreas shed their secretions

A

into the small intestine

54
Q

what side of the body is the stomach

A

the left

55
Q

Two major parts of the stomach

A

the greater and lesser curvature

56
Q

What part of the stomach does the oesophagus enter into

A

the lesser curvature

57
Q

Where does the oesophagus travel to in the body (from throat)

A

throat > through the thoracic cavity dorsal to the heart and lungs > diaphragm.

58
Q

Purpose of the wall of anterior and lateral portion of the stomach which is thin and translucent so that the gut contents are often visible.

A

Food storage

59
Q

What is the pyloric region of the stomach

A

the medical and posterior sides

60
Q

Features of the pyloric region of the stomach

A

it is glandular and opaque

61
Q

Function of the pyloric region of the stomach

A

Digestion: simple tubular glands release acid and enzymes which break large molecules down into small ones

62
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter

A

a collar of smooth muscle which controls the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum

63
Q

What is chyme

A

acidic fluid which passes from the stomach to the small intestine

64
Q

Name of the first section of the small intestine

A

the duodenum

65
Q

Main function of the small intestine

A

is absorption of small molecules resulting from digestion

66
Q

Three sections of the small intestine

A

duodenum leaving the stomach, jejunum, and ileum entering the caecum

67
Q

What is the small intestine attached to the dorsal body wall by?

A

transparent mesentery (a double layer of peritoneum)

68
Q

Function of blood vessels of mesentery of the small intestine

A

to supply and drain the intestinal wall

69
Q

What are the arteries carrying high-pressure oxygenated blood to the intestinal wall branches of?

A

The dorsal aorta

70
Q

Names of the two branches of the dorsal aorta that carry high-pressure oxygenated blood to the intestinal wall branches

A

coeliac a. and superior mesenteric a

71
Q

What are the veins draining deoxygenated, nutrient-laden blood from the wall tributaries of?

A

the hepatic portal vein

72
Q

Where does the hepatic portal vein lead to

A

the liver

73
Q

What is contained in the digestive juice released by the pancreas

A

enzymes (lipases, amylases, and proteases)

74
Q

Where do the digestive juices of the pancreas go?

A

into the duodenum

75
Q

Why is the pancreas “dual purpose”

A

Because it

  1. Secretes digestive juices
  2. Secretes hormones from endocrine cells into the bloodstream
76
Q

Where is the pancreas located in relation to the stomach

A

It is close to the greater curvature of the stomach

77
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

the liver

78
Q

What type of glands do both the liver and pancreas possess?

A

Exocrine and Endocrine

79
Q

By-product of the metabolic regulation function of the liver

A

bile

80
Q

What does bile salt do?

A

it aids digestions and absorption of fat and vitamins

81
Q

Where is bile stored in humans?

A

the gallbladder

82
Q

Name of duct joining gallbladder to duodenum

A

cystic duct

83
Q

How many lobes does the liver contain

A

4

84
Q

What does the dark red colour of the liver indicate

A

a rich blood supply (vascular) and its connective tissue is very thin

85
Q

Texture of liver

A

soft and jelly like

86
Q

Why is the liver vulnerable to traumatic injury and as a result, causes severe internal bleeding

A

It’s soft and jelly like (traumatic injury)

And causes severe bleeding due to having a rich blood supply surrounded by THIN connective tissue

87
Q

Where does the liver receive venous blood from

A

the gut wall via the hepatic portal vein

88
Q

Where does the liver receive oxygenated blood from

A

the aorta (via the hepatic artery, a branch of the coeliac artery)

89
Q

Is the spleen a part of the digestive system

A

NO

90
Q

What system is the spleen a part of

A

the lymphatic system

91
Q

Shape of rat spleen

A

leaf-shaped.

92
Q

Shape of human spleen

A

fist-shaped

93
Q

The four parts of the large intestine

A

caecum, colon, rectum and anus

94
Q

Function of the large intestine

A

reabsorption of water and formation of faeces from the undigested food residue

95
Q

Where is faeces retained

A

the rectum

96
Q

What is the structure of the caecum

A

flabby, thin-walled bag

97
Q

What is at the end of a human caecum

A

vermiform (worm-like) appendix

98
Q

The three parts of the colon

A

one ascending (anteriorly) on the right, one transverse, and one descending (posteriorly) on the left towards the rectum

99
Q

Consistency of colonic content upstream (leaving the caecum) of colon

A

semi-fluid

100
Q

Consistency of colonic content downstream (approaching the rectum) of colon

A

firm faeces

101
Q

What is the rectum

A

A short passage leading to the anal outlet

102
Q

What is the anus

A

A sphincter under partial voluntary control which allows the faeces to be voided

103
Q

What is the ventral surface of each kidney covered with

A

parietal peritoneum

104
Q

What part of the kidney is attached to the body wall

A

the dorsal surface

105
Q

retroperitoneal meaning (for kidneys)

A

behind the peritoneum

106
Q

What is the hilus

A

the depression on the medial surface where the renal artery, renal vein and ureter access the kidney

107
Q

Colour of urinary bladder

A

pale cream/yellow

108
Q

Structural and textural features of seminal vesicles

A

elongated, curved and with a hard lumpy texture

109
Q

Structural and textural features of the prostate gland

A

soft, pale-coloured, wrapped around the base of the urinary bladder

110
Q

Where are the nasal passages in the head

A

they are dorsal

111
Q

Where is the trachea in the head

A

ventral

112
Q

Where is the mouth in the mead

A

ventral

113
Q

Name of jaw “hinge” in a rat

A

temporo-mandibular joint

114
Q

What is the hard plate

A

The anterior roof of the mouth, a bony partition separating the mouth from the nasal cavities above

115
Q

What is the soft plate

A

the posterior roof of the mouth, lacking a core of bone.

116
Q

Function of molar teeth

A

to form a grinding battery on either side of the jaw

117
Q

What is the glottis

A

the opening into the trachea

118
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

tiny, triangular flap that seals the glottis

119
Q

Function of epiglottis

A

prevent food or water entering the trachea

120
Q

What does the opening into the nasal cavities lead to

A

it leads anteriorly, dorsal to the soft palate

121
Q

Where do salivary glands shed their secretions

A

into the mouth

122
Q

Names of the three salivary glands

A

Sublingual, submandibular, parotid glands

123
Q

What is a visceral membrane

A

a membrane that covers the organ

124
Q

What is a parietal membrane

A

a membrane that covers the cavity

125
Q

Pericardium in a rat

A

thin and delicate

126
Q

Pericardium in a human

A

stronger, thicker, more fibrous

MEDSCI 142 (1 decks)

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