Lab 1 Blood Flashcards
a fluid connective tissue that circulates through vessels
blood
consists of cells and cell fragments suspended in a nonliving extracellular matrix
blood
arteries, capillaries, and veins
blood vessels
cells and cell fragments are collectively called
formed elements
nonliving extracellular matrix
plasma
formed elements of blood
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes
erythrocytes, produced in the red bone marrow
red blood cells
leukocytes
white blood cells
thrombocytes
platelets
sticky, opaque fluid that varies in color depending on the amount of oxygen it contains
blood
bright, scarlet red blood
oxygen-rich
dark red blood
oxygen-poor
- fluid is relatively viscous (5x more than water)
- slightly alkaline pH ranging from 7.35-7.45
blood
- largest, lightest component of blood
- 55% of blood volume
- more than 100 substances found in it including proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, wastes, and respiratory gases
plasma
- thin layer beneath plasma
- contains leukocytes and platelets
buffy coat
-44% blood volume
erythrocytes
pigment that transports both oxygen and a small percentage of carbon dioxide
hemoglobin
a flexible protein associated with the cell membrane of RBCs that enables them to squeeze through the smallest capillaries
spectrin
five different types of leukocytes in order of abundance
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
two major groups of leukocytes based on cytoplasmic granules
granulocytes and agranulocytes
granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- have dots or grains
- name is based on the staining of granules
agranulocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
non-staining cytoplasmic granules
-multilobed nucleus
neutrophils
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
function primarily phagocytosis, and their numbers rise during acute infections
neutrophils
have cytoplasmic granules that stain red with acidic dyes
- bilobed nucleus
- similar size to neutrophils
eosinophils
increase in number during parasitic infections and allergic reactions
eosinophils
least numerous of the WBCs
- contain cytoplasmic granules that stain dark purple with basic dyes
- large S-shaped nucleus
basophils
passing through intact blood vessel walls into the surrounding tissues
diapedesis
which leukocyte uses diapedesis through which it becomes a mast cell that produces a variety of substances including histamine
basophils
a chemical that enhances the inflammatory response
histamine
lack brightly staining granules
agranulocytes
small cells in which the nucleus takes up most of the cell’s volume that play active rolls in the immune response
lymphocytes
mediate the immune response via the production of antibodies
B lymphocytes
act via direct cellular attack
T lymphocytes
largest of the leukocytes
-have large U-shaped nucleus
monocytes
through diapedesis, become macrophages that attack and destroy bacteria and viruses via phagocytosis
monocytes
platelets
thrombocytes
large multinucleate cells located in the red bone marrow
megakaryocytes
these are actually megakaryocytes
platelets/thrombocytes
plays an important role to damaged blood vessels by mediating the process of blood clotting, or coagulation, to prevent excessive blood loss
platelets
forming a blood clot, a multistep process that results in the stoppage of bleeding
coagulation
involves a positive feedback mechanism based on the interaction of a variety of substances, including plasma proteins and chemicals by platelets and damaged body cells
hemostasis
_____ is a part of hemostasis
coagulation
a low level of oxygen in the blood
hypoxia
a hormone that induces the bone marrow to produce more oxygen-transporting RBCs
-kidneys release this when hypoxia occurs
erythropoietin (EPO)
process of releasing called erypthropoiesis
blood is removed from the body, reducing its oxygen-carrying capacity
-used by athletes to enhance performance due to increasing the blood’s oxygen when inserting the RBCs after the kidneys have released EPO to increase RBC production
blood doping
