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Biology 124 Lab- Quiz 1 > Lab 1: Bacteria and Archaea > Flashcards

Lab 1: Bacteria and Archaea Flashcards

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1
Q

Heterotrophic bacteria act as…

A

Decomposers

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2
Q

What is the role of decomposers?

A

Nutrient recycling, key to biogeochemical cycles.

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3
Q

Both Archaea and Bacteria are:

A

Microscopic prokaryotes.

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4
Q

What makes a cell prokaryotic.

A

Lack membrane bound organelles like: nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria.

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5
Q

What is the role of nitrogen fixing bacteria?

A

Fix nitrogen (N2) from the atmosphere, into a compound plants can use.

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6
Q

Example of a nitrogen fixing bacteria?

A

Rhizobium

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7
Q

Role of photosyntheic bacteria?

A

Use light energy to synthesize their organic molecules

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8
Q

Role of chemosyntheitic bacteria?

A

Oxidize inorganic compounds (ie. sulfur) to synthesize organic molecules.

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9
Q

Bacteria shapes:

A

spherical, rod shaped and cylindrical

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10
Q

What is another term for a colony of bacteria?

A

An aggregate.

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11
Q

The four noted differences of Archaea compared to Bacteria:

A
  • lack of muramic acid in cell walls
  • branched membrane lipids
  • cell walls lack peptidoglycan
  • some cell walls have pseudopeptidoglycan
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12
Q

What are the three major evolutionary branches or phylum of Archeabacteria?

A
  • Euryarchaeota
  • Crenarchaeota
  • Korarchaeota
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13
Q

More recently added group to archaea?

A

Lokiarchaeota

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14
Q

Examples of Euryarchaeota:

A

Extreme environments: halophiles, methanogens, some extreme thermophiles.

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15
Q

Examples of Crenarchaeota:

A

Very hot, very cold environments: psychrophiles (cold) and hyperthermophiles (heat loving)

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16
Q

Korarchaeota facts:

A

Most primitive, least evolved.

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17
Q

Where where Lokiarchaeota found?

A

Hydrothermal vents along the arctic mid-ocean ridge.

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18
Q

What halophile was used in the lab?

A

Halobacterium salinarium

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19
Q

Facts about Halococcus agglomeratus:

A

Halophiles that are red pigmented, aerobic, coccid, and extreme halophiles.

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20
Q

Methanogen example:

A

Methanomonas methylovora- anaerobic, inhabit mud, bottom sediments and digestive systems.

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21
Q

Bacteria groups consist of:

A
  • Proteobacteria
  • Green bacteria?
  • Spirochetes
  • Gram Positive Bacteria
  • Cyanobacteria
  • Chlamydia
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22
Q

In terms of groupings bacteria are mostly ( ) but can be ( ).

A

unicellular, colonial

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23
Q

How do Bacteria differ from Archaeabacteria?

A

They are more numerous in the environment and they have fatty acids embedded in their plasma membrane.

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24
Q

How do bacteria aqcuire their nutrition?

A

Photoautotrophic, chemoautotropic, heterotrophic.

25
Q

Bacterial shapes:

A

coccus, bacillus, spirillum (sing.)

26
Q

Cocci cell arrangments:

A

single, diplo, strepto- (chain like), tetrads, staphylo- (clusters)

27
Q

Bacillus cell arrangments:

A

coccibacillus, single, diplo-, strep-

28
Q

All bacteria with the exception of what contains a cell wall:

A

Mollicutes group

29
Q

What does gram staining determine?

A

A bacterium’s susceptibility or resistance to certain antibiotics.

30
Q

Gram-positive composition:

A

90% peptidoglycan (carbohydrates cross-linked with proteins)

31
Q

Gram-negative composition:

A

Outer membrane with carbohydrates, lipids and proteins (LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES). Layer of peptidoglycan (btwn inner and outer membrane)- around 5-20% of total cell wall.

32
Q

What do Gram-positive bacteria retain?

A

Crystal-violet dye

33
Q

What fo Gram-negative bacteria retain?

A

Safranin

34
Q

Broad spectrum antibiotics are:

A

effective on a wide range of microorganism, both gram positive and gram negative.

35
Q

Narrow spectrum antibiotics are:

A

effective against a specific type of bacteria.

36
Q

What is the Kirby Bauer Method?

A

Used to test bacteria sensitivity. If sensitive the bacteria will die/not be able to grow. If resistant the bacteria will grow normally.

37
Q

Why does bacteria resistance result?

A

Bacteria produce resistance genes coding for specific enzymes that destroy antibiotics: like tetracycline or ampicillin.

38
Q

What is the zone of inhibition?

A

Circle of no growth around an antibiotic.

39
Q

Traits of cyanobacteria:

A
  • Gram-negative
  • colour due to the presence of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin
  • can be unicellular but tend to form colonies
  • cell wall composed of murein
  • single stranded DNA
40
Q

Location of Cyanobacteria:

A

freshwater, marine, hot springs and moist terrestrial environments

41
Q

How do cyanobacteria work without chloroplasts?

A

They have chlorophyll a on thylakoid membranes

42
Q

Example of cyanobacteria:

A

Anabaena, filementous, photoautotrophic genus

43
Q

What are heterocysts?

A

Modified vegetative cell, specializing in nitrogen fixation

44
Q

Why do heterocysts have three cell walls?

A

To prevent oxygen entry, as nitrogenase (responsible for nitrogen fixation) is unstable with oxygen.

45
Q

How so Anabaena lower oxygen levels further?

A

They eliminate photosytem II

46
Q

Anabeana form symbiotic relationships with what?

A

Mosquito Fern

47
Q

Merismopedia are…

A

flat, unicellular cyanobacteria, commonly found in fresh and salt water environments. Sometimes in the BOG

48
Q

What kind of colonies for Merismopedia form?

A

Rectangular colonies or 4-16, although several hundred cells can occur.

49
Q

How are Merismopedia held together?

A

Mucilaginous membrane.

50
Q

How does reproduction occur for Merismopedia?

A

Dissociation fo the colony or binary fission.

51
Q

What are bacteriodes?

A

Nodules formed by Rhizobia bacteria

52
Q

Role of nodules…

A

They obtain carbohydrates from the host with organic nitrogen.

53
Q

How do nitrogen fixing bacteria work?

A

Convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form available to plants.

54
Q

What do antibiotic inhibitors of cell wall synthesis do?

A

Interfere with:

  • peptidoglycan synthesis
  • disrupt peptidoglycan cross-linkages
  • disrupt the movement of peptidoglycan precursors
55
Q

What do antibiotic inhibitors of cell membrane function do?

A

Disrupt or damage the cell membrane, whose role is to act as a barrier that can regulate the flow of intercellular and extracellular substances.

56
Q

What do antibiotic inhibitors of protein synthesis do?

A

Bind to 30s or 50s subunits of DNA.

57
Q

What do antibiotic inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis do?

A

Bind to components associated with DNA and RNA synthesis- esp. replication and transcription processes.

58
Q

What do antibiotic inhibitors of metabolic processes do?

A

Interfere with bacterial processes key to bacteria survival.

Biology 124 Lab- Quiz 1 (2 decks)

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