Lab 1

Question 1

Why do we use sterile technique?

Answer 1

1. Avoid contaminating cultures

2. Avoid contaminating environment and ourselves

Question 2

Speciation?

Answer 2

Refer to event that produces 2 or more separate species from one lineage.

Question 3

Unguligrade?

Answer 3

Hooves

Question 4

Digitigrade?

Answer 4

Walking with toes, heels not on ground

Question 5

Plantigrade?

Answer 5

Walking on soles of feet.

Question 6

More parsimonious?

Answer 6

Fewer character changes

Question 7

Advantages of molecular data?

Answer 7

Looks at similarities in AA

Specific

Question 8

Disadvantages of Molecular data?

Answer 8

Difficult to correct

Inconsistent

Question 9

Advantage to Morphological data?

Answer 9

Fairly accurate trees

Looks at characteristics

Question 10

Disadvantages of Morphological trees?

Answer 10

Not accurate

Not used often

Question 11

Allopatric?

Answer 11

geographic barrier between populations.

Question 12

Sympatric?

Answer 12

any reproductive barrier that is not geographical appears.

Question 13

Four mechanisms of eovlution?

Answer 13

1. mutation
2. genetic flow
3. genetic drift
4. selection

Question 14

Mutations

Answer 14

Occurs at nucleic acid level

Formed by mistakes during DNA replication

Question 15

Substitution?

Answer 15

Swapping out a single base

Question 16

Insertion?

Answer 16

Inserting one or more bases

Question 17

Natural selection?

Answer 17

Any trait that either increases or decreases an organism’s ability to survive or reproduce is subject to selective pressure

Question 18

Sexual selection

Answer 18

describes the increase in frequency within a population of traits that improve an organism’s reproductive success

Question 19

Gene flow (migration)?

Answer 19

The movement of individuals between populations

Question 20

Genetic Drift?

Answer 20

Random change in allele frequency

Question 21

Phylogenetics?

Answer 21

Show histories through branching events

Question 22

Character matrix?

Answer 22

011010101

Question 23

Molecular clock hypothesis?

Answer 23

When a population splits in two, the two populations accumulate different mutations over time. This continuous accumulation of fixed mutations can be used to estimate how long ago the ancestors of currently living species split into different lineages (divergence times).