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Biophysical Lab Exam > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of 1st soil surveys

A
  1. 1899

2. simple/limited

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2
Q

3 cons about soil surveys?

A
  1. time consuming
  2. expensive
  3. difficult to carry out
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3
Q

Soil surveys are a starting point towards what?

A

intelligent land use decisions

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4
Q

What is the 3 most important objective of a soil survey?

A
  1. predict adaptability of soils to various crops, grasses, trees
  2. predict behaviour/productivity under different management systems
  3. predict yields of adapted crops under defined sets of management principles
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5
Q

How many soil series are there in CAD?

A

3000 +

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6
Q

Scale of soil surveys is often too large for ________.

A

farm fields

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7
Q

what are the 2 parts of soil surveys?

A
  1. repot

2. map

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8
Q

In a soil survey, the soil shown in any one area consists of how many kinds of soils? What is this soil shown called?

A
  1. 1 + small inclusions of others

2. mapping unit

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9
Q

What is the difference between a map scale of 1:5,000 and 1:50,000 (area contained in 1 cm^2 on map)

A

1: 5,000
- large scale
- large ratio
- small area
- detailed
- 2,500 M^2
- 1/4 ha

1: 50,000
- small scale
- small ratio
- large area
- generalized
- 250,000 M^2
- 25 ha

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10
Q

The products of mineral and rock weathering are generally divided into what 2 groups?

A
  1. sedentary or residual

2. transported

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11
Q

What are sedentary products?

A

Those derived from the weathering of solid rocks in place

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12
Q

What are transported materials?

A

Those moved from the point where the parent rock out cropped

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13
Q

origin of sedentary material

A

single lithology

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14
Q

origin of transported material

A

several different lithologic units

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15
Q

Are nutrient deficiencies more likely to occur in soils developed in place (sedentary) or or in soils developed from transported material?

A

sedentary

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16
Q

Transported groups - materials moved by water: (3)

A
  1. alluvial (rivers) - vary in particle size
  2. lacustrine (lake basins)
  3. marine (ocean basins)
17
Q

Transported groups - materials moved by wind: (2)

A
  1. loess

2. dune sand

18
Q

Transported groups - materials moved by ice: (2)

A
  1. till

2. glacial fluvial

19
Q

Transported groups - materials moved by gravity: (1)

A

colluvial

20
Q

Rapidly moving streams deposit what type of material?

A

coarse gravel and sand

21
Q

Slowly moving streams deposit what type of material?

A

silt

22
Q

Characteristic of alluvial deposits

A

stratified & well sorted

23
Q

What 2 type of soils are usually of lacustrine origin?

A

clay and silt

24
Q

Layer type - lacustrine

A

varying layers due to regular seasonal accumulation of silt and clay

25
Q

Lacustrine: sediment texture near shore vs sediment texture away from shore?

A

Coarse near shore, finer farther out

26
Q

Marine deposits contain high amounts of what?

A

quartz & other resistant materials

27
Q

Characteristics of Marine deposits?

A
  1. low in nutrient elements
  2. stratification + shells
  3. Well sorted
28
Q

Loess is very high in _____ content

A

silt. + some clay and minor sand content

uniform in composition

29
Q

sand dunes

A

poor soils

30
Q

What is glacial till?

A

material that has been picked up, ground up, and deposited directly by glacial ice.

31
Q

What are tills composed of?

A

rocks and their products of weathering

32
Q

Characteristics of till

A
  • random assortment
  • extremely compact
  • many different sources
  • may have traveled really long distances
33
Q

What is glacial fluvial material? Also called?

A

Also called outwash

materials of glacial origin carried and deposited by flowing streams

34
Q

3 characteristics of glacial fluvial drift material?

A
  1. stratified
  2. sorted
  3. extremely variable
  4. nutrient poor
35
Q

How does glacial fluvial material differ from glacial till in terms of soil composition?

A

more silt

36
Q

What are colluvial deposits?

A

accumulations of rock detritus commonly recognized as talus and cliff debris or material transported by avalanches and landslides

37
Q

What is the main driving force of colluvial deposits? What else helps it move?

A

Gravity - water and ice also help a bit

38
Q

What term is used to describe the accumulation of organic material in swamps, lakes or ponds?

A

Cumulose deposit

39
Q

Are Cumulose deposits transported?

A

No, occur in situ

Biophysical Lab Exam (5 decks)

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