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BIOL 223 Lab > Lab 1 > Flashcards

Lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cytology

A

Study of cells

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2
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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3
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Structures large enough to see with the naked eye

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4
Q

Light Microscope

A
  • Also called Optical Microscope

- Uses visible light and lenses to magnify an object

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5
Q

Simple

A

Single lens

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6
Q

Compound

A

Light passes through a series of lenses

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7
Q

How do you carry a microscope correctly?

A

Grasp the arm with one hand and rest the microscope’s base on other hand

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8
Q

Head

A
  • Upper part of frame
  • Supports lenses
  • Also called body tube
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9
Q

Arm

A
  • Vertical part of frame

- Connects head and base

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10
Q

Light Switch

A

-Turns light source off and on

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11
Q

Rheostat

A
  • Adjusts intensity of light

- Also called the light intensity knob

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12
Q

Base

A
  • Bottom part of frame

- Contains light source

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13
Q

Light Source

A
  • Found within the base

- Illuminates the specimen

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14
Q

Slide Clips

A
  • hold slide in place on stage
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15
Q

Mechanical stage

A
  • platform for slide to sit on
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16
Q

Mechanical stage adjustor knob

A
  • moves stage forward, back, left, or right
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17
Q

Fine focus knob

A
  • used for precision focusing
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18
Q

Coarse focus knob

A
  • raises or lowers the stage
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19
Q

Iris diaphragm

A
  • adjusts contrast

- opens and closes to regulate the amount of light reaching the condenser

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20
Q

Condenser

A
  • lens below the stage

- concentrates light onto the specimen

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21
Q

Objective lenses

A
  • four strengths
  • scanning lens, 4x magnification
  • low power lens, 10x magnification
  • high power lens, 40x magnification
  • oil immersion, 100x magnification
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22
Q

High Power

A
  • lens closest to slide
  • 400x total magnification
  • smallest field of view
  • largest image
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23
Q

Low Power

A
  • lens medium distance from slide
  • 100x total magnification
  • intermediate size field of view
  • intermediate size image
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24
Q

Scanning Power

A
  • lens farthest from slide
  • 40x total magnification
  • largest field of view
  • smallest image
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25
Q

Revolving nosepiece

A
  • supports objective lenses

- rotates to change objective lenses

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26
Q

What are all living things composed of?

A

Cells

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27
Q

What are 3 common characteristics of cells?

A
  1. The outer boundary of cell is the plasma membrane.
  2. All cells store genetic information in the form of DNA.
  3. Everything inside the plasma membrane that is not DNA or nucleus is cytoplasm.
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28
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

The outer boundary of the cell.

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29
Q

What form do cells store genetic information in?

A

DNA

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30
Q

What is inside the plasma membrane that is not DNA or the nucleus?

A

Cytoplasm

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31
Q

What is the levels of organization in hierarchical manner?

A
  1. Organelles
  2. Cells
  3. Tissues
  4. Organs
  5. Systems

(OC TOS)

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32
Q

What are Organelles?

A
  • Structures found inside a cell
  • Each performs a function necessary for a cells to survive and perform its duties
  • Example: nucleus containing the DNA of the cell
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33
Q

What are Cells?

A
  • Composed of organelles
  • Most basic unit of life because a cell divides to reproduce itself
  • Example: cardiac muscle cell
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34
Q

What are tissues?

A
  • composed of identical cells
  • four basic types in the body
  • each type performs a specific function
  • example: cardiac muscle tissue
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35
Q

What are organs?

A
  • composed of two or more types of tissue
  • these work together to perform a specific function
  • example: the heart contract to pump blood
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36
Q

What are systems?

A
  • group of organs with related functions
  • each system carries out one of the primary functions necessary to sustain life
  • example: the cardiovascular system carries blood throughout the body to deliver vital substances like oxygen
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37
Q

Nucleus

A
  • contains DNA

- pattern for building all proteins for the cell

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38
Q

Nuclear envelope

A
  • membrane around nucleus

- DNA can’t cross it

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39
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • area in nucleus

- site of rRNA synthesis

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40
Q

Chromatin

A
  • unwound DNA inside nucleus
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41
Q

Nuclear pores

A
  • opening in nuclear envelope

- allows mRNA out of nucleus

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42
Q

Cytoskeleton

A
  • several different types

- internal scaffolding for cell

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43
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • semi-solid substance
  • fills space between plasma membrane and nucleus
  • composed of organelles suspended in cytosol
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44
Q

Plasma membrane

A
  • outer boundary of cell
  • lipid bilayer
  • regulates what enters or leaves cell
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45
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • composed of rRNA and proteins
  • site of mRNA translation
  • free ribosomes are in cytoplasm
  • fixed ribosomes stud outside of RER
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46
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

A
  • membranous organelle
  • network of channels
  • site of protein synthesis
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47
Q

Mitochondrion

A
  • membranous organelle
  • bean shaped
  • site of ATP synthesis
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48
Q

Lysosome

A
  • membrane bound vesicle

- contains hydrolytic enzyme

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49
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

A
  • membranous organelle
  • forms tube like structure
  • site of lipid synthesis
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50
Q

Centriole

A
  • paired organelle

- organizes spindle fibers during mitosis

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51
Q

Golgi apparatus

A
  • membranous organelle
  • forms stack of plates
  • proteins packaged for secretion
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52
Q

Transport vesicle

A
  • membrane bound vesicle

- transports substances throughout the cell

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53
Q

Interphase

A
  • consists of G1, S, & G2 phases
  • time during which cell is carrying out its functions and growing larger
  • replicates DNA as it prepares to divide
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54
Q

First Growth (G1) phase

A
  • cell grows lager

- carries out cellular functions

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55
Q

Synthesis (S) phase

A
  • DNA is replicated
  • sister chromatids are formed
  • organelles increase in number
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56
Q

Second Growth (G2) phase

A
  • cells grows larger
  • prepares to divide
  • continues to carry out cellular functions
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57
Q

Cell division

A
  • consists of the four stages of mitosis and cytokinesis

- time during which original cell produces two identical daughter cells

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58
Q

Mitosis

A
  • equal division of DNA

- consists of four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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59
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • division of cytoplasm

- results in two equal cells

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60
Q

Interphase

A
  • cell carries out its functions
  • DNA is diffuse and called chromatin
  • no chromosomes are visible
  • cell replicates DNA and organelles as it prepares to enter mitosis
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61
Q

Prophase

A
  • first stage of mitosis
  • chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes called sister chromatids
  • sister chromatids are result of DNA replication, two identical chromosomes connected by a centromere
  • nuclear envelope begins to break down
  • spindle fibers appear
62
Q

Metaphase

A
  • second stage of mitosis
  • nuclear envelope is gone
  • centromere of each sister chromatid attaches to spindle fibers
  • sister chromatids line up along equator of cell
63
Q

Anaphase

A
  • third stage of mitosis
  • sister chromatids separate at centromere to produce individual chromosomes
  • chromosomes being to migrate to the poles
64
Q

Telophase

A
  • fourth stage of mitosis
  • chromosomes reach poles
  • spindle fibers disappear
  • nuclei begin to reform
65
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • physical division of cell following division of DNA
  • when done, two identical daughter cells are formed
  • each daughter cell enters interphase and entire process begins again
66
Q

What is the organization of the body?

A
  • individual cells
  • similar cells group together to form a type of tissue
  • different types of tissues associate with each other to form an organ
  • organs interact with each other to form a system
67
Q

Anatomical Position

A
  • standing erect
  • eyes gazing forward
  • arms straight
  • palms facing forward
  • fingers extended
  • legs slightly apart
  • feet flat
  • toes pointing forward
68
Q

How many planes can the body be divided into?

A
  • frontal/coronal plane
  • sagittal plane
  • transverse plane
69
Q

Coronal Plane

A
  • vertical plane
  • divides body into anterior and posterior sections
  • also called frontal plane
  • cut along this plane gives a coronal or frontal section
70
Q

Transverse Plane

A
  • horizontal plane
  • divides body into upper and lower sections
  • cut along this plane gives a transverse section
71
Q

Oblique plane

A
  • diagonal plane
72
Q

Sagittal Plane

A
  • vertical plane
  • divides body into right and left sections
  • cut along this plane gives sagittal section
73
Q

Mid-sagittal line

A
  • line through umbilicus (navel)

- divides body into right and left halves

74
Q

What does Superficial mean?

A

towards the surface of the body

75
Q

What does Deep mean?

A

further away from the surface

76
Q

What is a relative term?

A

One that only has meaning when it is compared to another

Ex: the heart is superior to the stomach, but it’s inferior to the mouth

77
Q

Superior
OR
Cranial

A

Superior: above, toward the top

Cranial: toward the head

78
Q

Medial

A

toward the middle

79
Q

Inferior
OR
Caudal

A

Inferior: below, toward bottom

Caudal: toward feet

80
Q

Lateral

A

toward the side

81
Q

Anterior
OR
Ventral

A

Anterior: toward front side

Ventral: toward belly side

82
Q

Posterior
OR
Dorsal

A

Posterior: toward back side

Dorsal: toward vertebral side

83
Q

Proximal

A

nearer to the trunk (a limb) or the point of origin (an organ)

84
Q

Distal

A

further from he trunk (a limb) or the point of origin (an organ)

85
Q

Cephalic (head)

A
  • cranial (skull)
  • facial (face)
  • cervical (neck)
86
Q

Trunk

A
  • thoracic (chest)
  • abdominal (abdomen)
  • pelvic (pelvis)
87
Q

Anatomical name for:

eye socket

A

Orbital

88
Q

Anatomical name for:

ear

A

Otic

89
Q

Anatomical name for:

nose

A

nasal

90
Q

Anatomical name for:

cheek

A

buccal

91
Q

Anatomical name for:

mouth

A

oral

92
Q

Anatomical name for:

chin

A

mental

93
Q

Anatomical name for:

breast bone

A

sternal

94
Q

Anatomical name for:

underarm

A

axillary

95
Q

Anatomical name for:

arm

A

brachial

96
Q

Anatomical name for:

breast

A

mammary

97
Q

Anatomical name for:

front of elbow

A

antecubital

98
Q

Anatomical name for:

navel

A

umbilical

99
Q

Anatomical name for:

forearm

A

antebrachial

100
Q

Anatomical name for:

wrist

A

carpal

101
Q

Anatomical name for:

thumb

A

pollex

102
Q

Anatomical name for:

palm

A

palmar

103
Q

Anatomical name for:

fingers

A

Digits
OR
Phalanges

104
Q

Anatomical name for:

thigh

A

femoral

105
Q

Anatomical name for:

hip

A

coxal

106
Q

Anatomical name for:

kneecap

A

patellar

107
Q

Anatomical name for:

leg

A

crural

108
Q

Anatomical name for:

ankle

A

tarsal

109
Q

Anatomical name for:

toes

A

Digits
OR
Phalanges

110
Q

Anatomical name for:

big toes

A

hallux

111
Q

Anatomical name for:

foot

A

pedal

112
Q

Anatomical name for:

genitals

A

pubic

113
Q

Anatomical name for:

groin

A

inguinal

114
Q

Anatomical name for:

abdomen

A

abdominal

115
Q

Anatomical name for:

chest

A

thoracic

116
Q

Anatomical name for:

neck

A

cervical

117
Q

Anatomical name for:

face

A

facial

118
Q

Anatomical name for:

skull

A

cranial

119
Q

Anatomical name for:

head

A

cephalic

120
Q

Anatomical name for:

base of skull

A

occipital

121
Q

Anatomical name for:

shoulder

A

acromial

122
Q

Anatomical name for:

shoulder blade

A

scapular

123
Q

Anatomical name for:

back

A

dorsum

124
Q

Anatomical name for:

back bone

A

vertebral

125
Q

Anatomical name for:

back of elbow

A

olecranal

126
Q

Anatomical name for:

low back

A

lumbar

127
Q

Anatomical name for:

between hips

A

sacral

128
Q

Anatomical name for:

hand

A

manus

129
Q

Anatomical name for:

fingers

A

phalanges

130
Q

Anatomical name for:

buttocks

A

gluteal

131
Q

Anatomical name for:

thigh

A

femoral

132
Q

Anatomical name for:

back of knee

A

popliteal

133
Q

Anatomical name for:

calf

A

sural

134
Q

Anatomical name for:

sole

A

plantar

135
Q

Anatomical name for:

arm

A

upper extremity

136
Q

Anatomical name for:

leg

A

lower extremity

137
Q

Anatomical name for:

heal

A

calcaneal

138
Q

cranial cavity

A
  • contains the brain

- protected by meninges

139
Q

spinal cavity

A
  • contains spinal cord

- protected by meninges

140
Q

mediastinum

A
  • center of thoracic cavity

- contains all organs between the lungs

141
Q

pleural cavity

A
  • each pleural cavity contains one lung

- encased by pleura

142
Q

right hypochondriac

A

refers to region lying under costal cartilage

143
Q

epigastric

A

lying superior to stomach

144
Q

left hypochondriac

A

lying under costal cartilage

145
Q

right lumbar

A
  • lumbar means loin

- region between ribs and pelvic bones

146
Q

umbilical

A

named for lying over umbilicus

147
Q

left lumbar

A
  • lumbar means loin

- region between ribs and pelvic bones

148
Q

right inguinal

A

named for inguinal (groin) region

149
Q

hypogastric

A

lying inferior to stomach

150
Q

left inguinal

A

named for inguinal (groin) region

BIOL 223 Lab (1 decks)

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