Lab 1 Flashcards
The spinal cord is located what to the brain
Caudal/posterior
A cross sectional of the spinal cord would be cut in which plane
Cronal
Olfactory lobe
Is much larger in rats and is the most rostral/anterior structure. On the human it is a small area down the bottom of the frontal lobe
In the dorsal view of god human brai what couldn’t you see compared to the art brain
The spinal cord
What is the largest visable cardinal nerve in the rat and why?
Th trigeminal nerve because it receives sensory information for the whiskers
What is the fourth ventrical
It is a cavity containing cerebral spinal fluid that extends from the cerebral aquiduct to the obey. In the human it is to protect the human brain from trauma and from a part of the csf circulatory system connecting to the spinal cord
What does the medulla do?
It regulates utonomic function, helps control/regulate breathing, heart/vessel function, digestion and swallowing
What is the pons and what does it do?
It is a bridge between the cerebellum and various parts of the nervous system. It also controls important autonomic actions such as breathing and the intensity, depth and frequency of it.
What does the inferior colliculi control?
it is the main auditory centre for the body and acts as a channel for almost all auditory signals. It is involved with signal integration, frequency recognition and pitch discrimination. It will also help with reflex integration of the head and neck towards an auditory stimulus
What does the Superior colliculi control?
it receives visual signals from the retina of the eye while the lower layer of it processes multiple signals from various parts of the brain, and controls some movements of the eyes. It is not restricted to a visual role. It will also help with orientation of the neck and head towards a visual stimulus.
What is the functional role of the thalamus?
its job is to relay sensory information between the subcortical areas and the cerebral cortex. Every sensory system will have a thalamic nuclei. It also helps regulate states of sleep and wakefullness. It is also the main product of the embryonic diencephalon.
What does the hypothalamus do?
It is involved in the production of many hormones the help control the body’s homeostatic mechanisms. It is also involved with behavioural, autonomic and endocrine functions such as growth and development.
Where is the peri-aquiductal grey found and what does it do?
It is found between the forebrain (within the tegmentum) and the lower brain stem. It is the primary control centre for descending pain modulation. Stimulation of different areas can result in a defensive, relaxed, analgesic, reproductive or maternal behavior.
It you stimulate the lateral and dorsal aspects of the peri-aquiductal grey in a rat what will happen?
You may trigger/provoke a defensive response.
It you stimulate the caudal ventrolateral aspect of the peri-aquiductal grey in a rat what will happen?
You will trigger a relaxed immobile state.
What is the corpus callosum and where is it found?
It is a bundle of nerve tissue containing many axons, that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain. It is the largest collection of white matter within the brain and has a high myelin content.
What is the Corona Radiata?
it is the innermost layer of the cumulus oophours and is directly adjacent to the Zona Pellucida. It supplies vital proteins to cells.
what does the hippocampus do?
It mainly affects the limbic system, and is involved in information and storage of long term memory.
What is the importance of knowing the rat cerebellum makes up 20% of the total weight of the rat brain?
This demonstrates that the cerebellum is very dense. The many infoldings increase the surface area increasing the capacity for neurons.
Where is the vermis and what does it do?
It is located in the medial cortico-nuclear zone of the cerebellum (rat). Functionally it is associated with body posture.
Cerebellar hemispheres - what does the vestibulocerebellum regulate?
(flocculonoclulor lobe) regulates balance and eye movements
Cerebellar hemispheres - what does the spinocerebellum regulate?
(Vermis) regulates body and limb movements
Cerebellar hemispheres - what does the cerebrocerebellum regulate?
(lateral hemispheres) are involved with planning movements and evaluating sensory information for action.
What does the Flocculus do?
It is a part of the vestilbucocular reflex system and is used to help stabilise gaze during head rotation. Neurons transmit an eye velocity signal that correlates with smooth pursuit.
What is the function of the Olfactory nerve?
it is responsible for the sense of smell and does not join the brain stem. SENSORY
What is the function of the Optic nerve?
It transfers visual information from the retina to the visual centres of the brain via electrical impulses. It is made up of ganglionic cells. SENSORY
What is the function of the Oculomotor nerve?
it allows for eyeball and eye lid (muscles) movement. The somatic motor component controls muscles that allow for visual tracking/fixation. The visceral motor component controls parasympathetic innervation of ciliary muscles and constrictor papillae aiding in light constriction/dilation reflexes. MOTOR
What is the function of the Trochlear nerve?
It emerges dorsally and provides motor function of the superior oblique eye muscle and connects to the annular tendon. Can make the eye move into a downward gaze. MOTOR
What is the function of the Trigeminal nerve?
It is the largest nerve in the human and the rat because it receives sensory information from the whiskers. But in humans it transmits sensations from the face to the brain, and controls the muscles for chewing. SENSORY and MOTOR
What is the function of the Abducens nerve?
It allows the eyes to move from side to side away from the nose. MOTOR
What is the function of the Facial nerve?
It conveys sensory information from the tongue and interior of the mouth. It also innervates the facial muscle to produce facial expressions. SENSORY and MOTOR
What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear nerve?
it is involved with hearing and balance and your sense of equilibrium. SENSORY
What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?
It receives information from the tonsils, pharynx and the middle ear, and also sensory information from the posterior third of the tongue. Also has carotid baroreceptors and chemoreceptors. SENSORY and MOTOR
What is the function of the Vagus nerve?
Autonomic functions of the gut, sensation from the larynx and pharynx, muscles of the vocal chords and swallowing. It is a common cause of fainting. SENSORY and MOTOR
What is the function of the Accessory nerve?
It controls the movements of certain neck muscles, and is divided into a spinal and cranial portion. The spinal provides motor function to the neck and upper back. MOTOR
What is the function of the Hypoglosseal nerve?
It controls movements of the tongue. MOTOR
What does the cuneate fasiculus do?
It is a tract of nerves in the spinal cord, it transmits fine touch, pressure and proprioception from the spinal nerves. It is comprised of fist order neurons from the C1 to T6.
What does the Gracile fasiculus do?
It is a bundle of axon fibres in the posterior colum-medial leminsucs pathway of the spinal cord and carries information from the middle thoracic and lower limbs of the body. It carries sensory information, deep touch, and visceral pain.
What is the functional importance of the Area Prostrema?
It contains cells that detect vomiting and pain that can induce vomiting. It has a chemoreceptor trigger zone which detects for toxins and is located outside the blood barrier therefore it is indirect contact of the physiological signals for autonomic control.
Descending trigeminal does what?
Mediates pain and temperature
what does the 4th ventricle encompass?
It includes the medulla, pons, and midbrain (called the brain stem), which surround the cerebral aquiduct.
What does the 3rd ventricle enclose?
It encloses the diencephalon and the cerebral hemispheres (the forebrain).
What does the cerebellum control?
It is essential for the coordination and planning of movements as well as learning motor and cognitive tasks
What does the dorsal root carry?
It carries sensory information from the spinal nerves
What does the Ventral root carry?
It carries motor information carried by efferent axons leaving the spinal cord.
What is the make up of the spinal cord?
The interior of the cord is formed by grey matter, which is surrounded by white matter.
What do the neurons of the dorsal horns do?
They receive sensory information that enters the spinal cord via the dorsal roots
What do ventral horns contain?
They contain the cell bodies of motor neurons that have axons that terminate on striated muscle, which innervates them.
What does the dorsal column carry?
It carries ascending sensor information from the somatic mechanoreceptors.
What does the ventral column carry?
It carries both ascending information about pain and temperature and descending motor information from the brainstem and motor cortex.
What is the insula (insular cortex) associated with?
It is associated with visceral and autonomic function including taste.
In a ventral medial view of the brain what conceals the hippocampus?
Parahippocampal gyrus
What is the limbic system important in?
In the experience and expression of emotion as well as the regulation of visceral motor activity.
What are the largest grey matter structures embedded within the cerebral hemispheres?
The caudate and putamen nucleus (striatum) and the globus pallidus. Better known as the basal ganglia.
