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Bio 120 Lab > Lab 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Lab 1 & 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

When using a microscope it is important to properly set the _______ and the ______ ______ in order to visualize cell structures.

A

Condenser and the Iris diaphragm

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2
Q

Which occular lense is adjustable, has a pointer?

A

Left = is adjustable

Right = has a pointer

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3
Q

With which objective lenses do we use the coarse focus? Fine focus?

A

Coarse focus = 4x

Fine focus = 10x, 40x

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4
Q

What is the diameter of the Field of View for each objective lense?

4X (low power)?

10X (medium power)?

40X (high power)?

A

4X = 4.40 mm

10X = 1.75 mm

40X = 0.44 mm

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5
Q

All living organisms are made of ____

A

cells

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6
Q

What are the four basic features of a cell?

A

Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

DNA

Ribosomes

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7
Q

Which type of cell is the most complex?

A

Eukaryotes

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8
Q

What are the two groups of Prokaryotic cells?

Are they Unicellular? Or Multicellular?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

Unicellular

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9
Q

Which three things do Prokaryotic cells lack?

A

They lack:

1) A nucleus
2) Chromosomal proteins

3) Membrane-bound organelles
ex. mitochondria

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10
Q

Which type of cell is smaller? What is the advantage?

A

Prokaryotic cells are smaller

Advantage: allows important molecules to get to any location inside the cell quickly, without specialized organelles

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11
Q

What do specialized organelles do?

A

They facilitate transport and metabolic events

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12
Q

What is a bacterial cell wall composed of?

A

Composed of polysaccharides and amino acids

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13
Q

Many bacterial cells also secrete a ___________ called __________ , which _________ and ___________

A

Many bacterial cells also secrete a gelatinous outer covering called glycocalyx, which traps water and protects it from desiccation

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14
Q

Bacteria cell’s have a very thick glycocalyx called a capsule, which _______________

A

Bacteria cell’s have a very thick glycocalyx called a capsule, which prevents bacteria from being destroyed by an animal’s immune system

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15
Q

Prokaryotic cells:

Beneath the capsule is the _____ and then the _________

A

Cell wall and then the Plasma Membrane

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cell:

Define nucleoid

A

A central area that contains the circular molecule of DNA

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17
Q

Prokaryotic cells:

Smaller pieces of circular DNA is called _____

A

Plasmids

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18
Q

Which structure synthesize’s proteins?

Are they located in Prokaryotic cells?

A

Ribosomes

Yes

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19
Q

What are stains used for?

A

To increase contrast or emphasize selected cell features

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20
Q

_______ is a Cyanobacteria

A

Anabaena

**underline species names**

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21
Q

A photosynthetic bacteria is __________

A

Cyanobacteria

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22
Q

_______ is a filamentous with cells in unbranched chains, surrounded by a gelatinous sheath

A

Anabaena

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23
Q

Which 4 things do Anabaena cells contain?

(bacteria, therefore it is a Prokaryotic cell)

A

1) A cell wall
2) Plasma membrane
3) Cytoplasm
4) Heterocyst

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24
Q

In Anabaena, where does photosynthesis occur? (since the cytoplasm does NOT contain any membrane-bound organelles)

A

Photosynthesis occurs in the layers of photosynthetic membranes called thylakoids

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25
Q

T or F: Most organisms are able to use atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) directly

A

False;

Most organisms are UNABLE to use atmospheric Nitrogen (N2) directly.

They depend on other organisms to convert the nitrogen into a form that they can use

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26
Q

Nitrogen is essential for the ___________ and _________ (____ and _____) within an organism and is often a _________ for the growth of algae.

A

Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) within an organism and is often a limiting nutrient for the growth of algae.

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27
Q

How does Anabaena receive its nitrogen?

What kind of cell does this make it?

A

It fixes its own Nitrogen within its heterocyst,

therefore it is a multicellular cell because it has the presence of the specialized heterocyst within the filament

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28
Q

Where is the DNA material stored in a Prokaryotic cell?

A

In the nucleoid

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29
Q

Since there are no mitochondria or chloroplasts in theses cells:

1) Where does the cellular respiration occur in bacteria?
2) Where does cellular respiration and photosynthesis occur in Cyanobacteria?

A

1) Cytoplasm
2) Thylakoids

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30
Q

What kind of Eukaryotic cells are there?

A

Plant cells and Animal cells

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31
Q

Eukaryotic cells typically have _______ and ____________

A

Eukaryotic cells typically have a membrane-bound nucleus and a variety of other membrane-bound organelles.

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32
Q

Elodea (or other aquatic plant):

What are the 6 components of this plant?

A

1) Cell wall
2) Plasma membrane (pressed tightly against cell wall)
3) Cytoplasm
4) Chloroplasts (where photosynthesis occurs)

5) Large central vacuole - large and colorless
(pushes the cytoplasm and chloroplasts against the membrane)

6) Nucleus (colorless)

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33
Q

The movement of many tiny particles in the cytoplasmic strands of a cell is called ____________

A

Cytoplasmic Streaming

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34
Q

How does the size of Eukaryotic Elodea cell compare to a Prokaryotic Anabaena cell?

A

The Elodea cell is bigger then the Anabaena cell in size

35
Q

For which experiment did we use methylene blue stain?

A

With our cheek epithelial cells

“Animal cells”

36
Q

Animal Cells:

What are the 3 components of a cheek cell?

A

1) Irregular shaped Plasma membrane with numerous folds…
2) … which encloses the granular cytoplasm
3) A small, dark stained nucleus

37
Q

Animal vs plant cells

Cheek vs Elodea*

Which one is bigger?

A

In this case the animal cell is bigger then the plant cell

38
Q

What is the purpose of methylene blue stain ?

A
  • The stain is used to increase contrast
  • It stains the DNA molecules of the nucleus dark blue
  • Allows us to see the cell and its components more clearly
39
Q

What are Eukaryotic cell walls made of?

A

Plant cell = cell wall is made of cellulose

Animal cell = no cell wall

40
Q

Which type of cell has plastids?

Name the 3 plastids

A

Only plant cells!

Chloroplasts

Chromoplasts

Leucoplasts

41
Q

what are the hairs of Tradescantia composed of?

What color are they? Why?

A

They are composed of a chain of long cells

They are colorless but turn purple as they mature, due to anthocyanin (stored in central vacuole)

42
Q

What type of cell is Tradescantia?

A

It’s a plant cell

43
Q

Which 7 components make up a Tradescantia cell?

A

1) Cell wall
2) Plasma membrane (tightly against cell wall)
3) Nucleus
4) Nuclear envelope
5) Central vacuole
6) Cytoplasm
7) Mitochondria

44
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

Protects and gives rigidity to the cell

45
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

A
  • It regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell

* It is selectively permeable (only allows some stuff in)

46
Q

What are the two main functions of a nucleus?

A

1) It controls cell function (by directing protein synthesis)
2) It stores the genetic material (DNA)

47
Q

What surrounds a nucleus?

A

A double membrane called the nuclear envelope

48
Q

A large colorless organelle called _______ occupies 85-90% of the total cell volume. It gives support to the plant cell when it is fully expanded and functions in ______ of water as well as ____,____,_____ and _____

A

Central vacuole

storage of water as well as enzymes, ions, proteins and toxins

49
Q

What does the Tradescantia also store in the central vacuole?

A

It stores purple pigment called Anthocyanin

50
Q

How do we observe the cytoplasm in Tradescantia? Why? What is in the cytoplasm?

A

We observe the cytoplasm as cytoplasmic streaming.

Because the large central vacuole takes up most of the cell, therefore it is restricted to a small layer

Mitochondria

51
Q

Mitochondria are the site of __________, a process that generates rich molecules called ___________ from ______

A

Cellular respiration

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

sugars

*ATP is the primary source of energy for cellular processes

52
Q

Onion (Allium) cells:

1) Is there cytoplasmic streaming?
2) Why do the cells lack pigment?
3) How can you identify the cell as a plant cell?

A

1) Yes
2) They are found underground and are not photosynthetic
3) The cell wall and large central vacuole

53
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts are plastids that contain pigments called chlorophylls and they are site of the photosynthesis

54
Q

Define Photosynthesis

A

The use of energy to synthesize sugars from carbon dioxide and water

55
Q

The color of chloroplasts is due to ____ a ________. This is located on the _______ of the chloroplast This pigment ____________

A

Chlorophyll

Green pigment

Thylakoid membranes

Captures light energy used in photosynthesis

56
Q

What are the components that make up a green pepper cell?

A

1) Cell wall
2) Chloroplasts
3) Cytoplasm
4) Central Vacuole
5) Nucleus

57
Q

Chromoplasts are plastids that contain pigments called ___, and are typically _______ in color. They are commonly found in _____ and ______.

A

Carotenoids

Yellow, orange, red, dark purple

Flowers (color attracts animals for pollination) and fruits (seed dispersal)

58
Q

What components make up a red pepper?

A

1) Cell wall
2) Chromoplasts
3) Cytoplasm
4) Central vacuole
5) Nucleus

59
Q

Leucoplast refers to a group of __________ that function in the _____ of _______, _______, ______

A

Non-pigmented plastids

storage of starch, proteins, fats (lipids)

60
Q

Where do we find Leucoplasts in a cell?

A

Around the nucleus

61
Q

In the banana (Musa), the leucoplasts form ______.

Where are they located and how?

A

Large starch grains.

Located free in the cytoplasm because the starch grains are so big that they have outgrown the leucoplast

62
Q

What are the componants of a Musa?

A

1) Cell wall
2) Starch grains
3) Cytoplasm (streaming)
4) Striations (if visible) - on starch grains

63
Q

What do we add to the Musa to be able to see the starch grains?

A

We add a drop of iodine-potassium iodide (IKI) to stain the starch grains dark brown/purple

64
Q

Which specimen appears as a tiny white star shape?

What type of cell is it

A

Amoeba

Unicellular animal cell

65
Q

What are the six parts to an Amoeba?

A

1) Plasma membrane
2) Pseudopodium
3) Cytoplasm
4) Nucleus
5) Contractile vacuole
6) Food vacuole

66
Q

What is the pseudopodia?

A

It is cellular extensions that form as the granular cytoplasm flows forward (allows organism to crawl)

67
Q

The cytoskeletal components responsible for pseudopod formation are ______ which are composed of ?

A

Microfilaments
*help it move*

Composed of actin subunits, involved in cytoplasmic streaming and division of cytoplasm

68
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

In the Amoeba

It uses the pseudopodia to encircle and trap small animals and food particles.

69
Q

What does the contractile vacuole look like?

What is its function?

Why may it vanish?

A

Colorless and perfectly circular.

Functions in osmoregulation (maintenance of a constant internal solute)

Vanishes as it contracts to empty its contents (excess water)

70
Q

Which type of cytoskeletal components are cilia and flagella made up of?

A

Microtubules

*for mobility*

71
Q

What works against microtubles to create a bend in the cilium of flagellum?

A

Specialized (motor) proteins

Causes oar-like movement of cilia

Causes whip-like movement of flagella

72
Q

How did we slow down the Paramecium?

A

Using a drop of PROTOSLO to down down the organism, then we can see the cilia

73
Q

Why does the cell need mitochondria in abundance?

A

To supply the cilia with ATP

74
Q

What is the function of a nucleolus?

A

Where ribosome subunit assembly occurs

75
Q

What is the funtion of the Golgi?

A

To modify, ship and store products of the ER

76
Q

What is the function of the secretory vesicles?

A

The secretion of proteins

77
Q

What is the function of the Rough ER?

A

The sorting of proteins

78
Q

What type of cell transports proteins?

A

Animal cell

79
Q

What passes out of nuclear pores?

A

mRNA and tRNA

Ribosome subunits

80
Q

What is the function of the cristae of mitochondria?

A

They increase the surface area available for ATP synthesis

81
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

Lipid synthesis and modification

No ribosomes

82
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Small membrane bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that digests a cell’s food and waste

83
Q

What is the function of the Rough ER?

A

Studded with Ribosomes

Key role in the initial synthesis and sorting of proteins for export

84
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Small membrane bound organelles, found in Eukaryotic cells

May contain macromolecules (proteins, lipids) for storage, transport or secretion

Bio 120 Lab (4 decks)

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