Lab 1 Flashcards
Mitosis Definition
cell division where one cell divides to produce two new genetically identical cells
Mitosis Phases
Prophase (early and late), metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis
Interphase
right before mitosis, DNA is copied to form two sister chromatids and two centrioles
Early Prophase
chromosomes start to condense, mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears
Late Prophase/Prometaphase
chromosomes condense more, the nuclear envelope dissolves and releases chromosomes, and mitotic spindles begin to attach to chromosomes
Aster
the structure of all of the microtubules that connect everything in a cell
Metaphase
all chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate
Spindle Checkpoint
between metaphase and anaphase the cell checks to make sure all the chromosomes are at the metaphase plate with their kinetochores correctly connected to the microtubules, which helps to ensure the sister chromatids will split evenly in anaphase
Anaphase
chromosomes of each pair are pulled towards opposite ends of the cell and microtubules not attached to chromosomes elongate, separating the poles and making the cell longer
Motor Proteins
molecular machines that can “walk” along microtubule tracks and carry cargo drives processes in anaphase
Telophase
mitotic spindle is broken down into its building blocks, nucleus reforms, and chromosomes decondensed
Cytokinesis
the division of cytoplasm to form two new cells, van start in anaphase or telophase
Nitrogen Fixation Equation
N+12ATP —-> NH3+12ADP+12pi
What are the three categories of bacteria?
bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Cyanobacteria
cells are large and macroscopic, green because they have chlorophyll but not chloroplasts, and some are capable of nitrogen fixation
Merismopedia
colonial cyanobacteria arranged in rows and columns one layer thick
Anabaena
colonial cyanobacteria resembling a string of pearls
Heterocysts
larger and swollen anabaena where nitrogen fixation happens
Vegetative cells
smaller, spherical anabaena
Akinetes
larger, cylindrically shaped asexually reproductive Anabaena cells
Proteobacteria gain their carbon and energy through…
heterotrophy
Heterotrophy
takes in carbon from other organic carbon sources (animals)
gamma proteobacteria stain ______ ______ and many are ________ _______
gram-negative, medically significant
Bacillus/Bacilli
rod-shaped and some are joined together end to end in chains
Coccus/Cocci
small and circular, some stick together in clusters
Spirrilum/Spirilla
corkscrew-shaped spirals
unstained bacteria are …
transparent because cytoplasm is mostly water
gram positive stain
purple
gram negative stain
red
bacteria were formerly classified as…
kingdom minora
E.coli
a gram negative bacillus that is a well-studied model organism that is an important part of human microflora
Examples of gram negative spirilli
campylobacter jejuni and helicobacter pylori
bacillus, streptococcus, and staphylococcus are gram…
positive
