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A&P Lab > lab 1 > Flashcards

lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

four major tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. neural
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2
Q

when looking at slides

A

start by scanning each side at a low magnification because one slide may contain several tissue types, then you can increase the magnification and observe individual cells of the tissue

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3
Q

specimens for histology

A

are first fixed [preserved], then thinly section and lastly stained to improve contrast

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4
Q

epithelial tissue

A

lines and covers organs as well as their internal passageways and forms glands
made up of sheets of cells
functions: filtration, absorption, secretion, excretion, and sensory reception

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5
Q

free or apical surface

A

an epithelium always has one surface where the cells are exposed to either the external environment or to an internal passageway or cavity.

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6
Q

epithelia

A
  • surface and lining tissue = avuscular
  • cells obtain nutrients by diffusion of substances from connective tissue that are underlying the epithelia
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7
Q

basal lamina

A

each epithelium is attache to the body by this[ located between epithelium and CT layer]
- not cellular, formed by glycoprotein secretions from the epithelial cells plus collagen fibers

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8
Q

simple epithelia

A

only one layer
functions: diffusion, absorption, filtration, and secretion

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9
Q

goblet cells

A

protect epithelia at the surface by secreting mucus that coats cells

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10
Q

stratified epithelia

A

composed of more than one layer
found in: areas exposed to abrasion and friction [ex: body surface and upper digestive tract, and function mostly for protection]
- regenerate from basal cells that divide and then move out to replace older cells near apical border.
- most common: stratified squamous

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11
Q

regeneration [ characteristic that distinguishes epithelia ]

A

can easily regenerate themselves

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12
Q

polarity [ characteristic that distinguishes epithelia ]

A
  • membranes always have one free surface[ apical surface] typically significantly different from the basal surface
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13
Q

microvilli

A

finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that greatly increase surface area
brush boarder: they appear fuzzy, seen in secretory or absorbing tissues

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14
Q

cellularity and specialized contacts [characteristic that distinguish epithelia ]

A

cells fit closely together to form membranes and are bound together by specialized junctions

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15
Q

supported by connective tissue [characteristic that distinguish epithelia]

A

the cells are attached to and supported by an adhesive basement membrane [amorphous material secreted partly by the epithelia cells [basil lamina] and CT cells [reticular lamina] that lie adjacent to each other with the reticular lamina deeper to basal lamina]

  • basement membrane helps the epithelia resist tearing and stretching, reinforces structural integrity, and creates a boundary.
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16
Q

avascularity [ characteristic that distinguish epithelia]

A

epithelial tissues have no supply of their own [avascular] , but instead depend on diffusion of nutrients from the underlying connective tissue.

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17
Q

innervate [ characteristic that distinguish epithelia]

A

meaning supplied by never fibers for regulation

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18
Q

glandular epithelia

A

makeup any gland within the body
function: related directly to their location
secretions are produced by and released from glands, can be highly aqueous of largely lipid in nature. [usually contain mixtures of lipids and proteins]

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19
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless and release hormones [chemical messengers] into the circulation [by releasing them into the extracellular space from which they diffuse to the blood] to regulate the body.

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20
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete their substances onto a body surface or into a body cavity and do not release hormones into the circulation

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21
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete their substances onto a body surface or into a body cavity and do not release hormones into the circulation
produce: saliva, oil, sweat, mucus, bile

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22
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A

release their secretions by exocytosis directly onto the epithelial surface ex: mucous cells and goblet cells.
while multicellular glands accomplish a similar task except the secretion passes through a duct on its way to the surface.

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23
Q

alveolar or acinar gland

A

secretory cells form small flask-like sacs

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24
Q

tubular gland

A

secretory cells form tubes

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25
Q

tuboalveolar gland

A

if the gland has both of the above type secretory cells

26
Q

merocrine glands

A

use exocytosis to secrete their products and are the most common type of multicellular exocrine gland

27
Q

holocrine glands

A

rupture to release their secretions

28
Q

apocrine glands

A

the apex of the cell pinches off to release the secretions

29
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

thin and often permeable, they are flattened cells
found: where filtration or the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority.

endothelium: provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system
mesothelium: found in serous membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs.

30
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

a single layer of cube-like cells with large spherical nuclei
function: secretion and absorption

location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

31
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A

a single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei
function: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary action

location: digestive tracts and the uterine tubes and renal collecting ducts

32
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

thick membrane composed of several layers
basal cells cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active surface cells are squamous, in the keratinized type cells full of keratin and dead

function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina, keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane

33
Q

pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface, nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus secreting cells and bear cilia

function: secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
location: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and parts of the male reproductive tract

34
Q

transitional epithelium

A

lines organs that must stretch and shrink, cells have a variety of shapes and sizes, and not all of them touch the basal lamina

function: stretches rapidly and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder and part of the uretha

35
Q

connective tissue

A

provides body with structural support, joins structural components together
- also protects stores reserve energy, insulates the body

mesenchyme: gives rise to all CT
noncellular- contain cells that are sparsely spread throughout an extracellular matrix.

36
Q

ground substance

A

made of interstitial fluid and cell adhesion proteins such as laminin and fibronectin.
- composed mainly of glycoprotein, proteoglycans and polysaccharide molecules.

suspended in the ground substance are collagen fibers [tissue strength], elastic fibers [flexibility] and reticular fibers

37
Q

most important GAGS

A

chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid.

38
Q

blast cells

A

each CT has their own,

ex: fibroblasts [in CT proper]. osteoblasts[bone], and chondroblasts [cartilage]

39
Q

connective tissue proper

A

CT has a thick liquid matrix, divided into two groups: loose and dense
fibroblasts: stationary cells that secrete proteins that join other molecules in the matrix to form the collagen and elastic fibers
mast cells: detect foreign microorganisms and initiate immune responses against them, also secrete heparin, proteases and other enzymes

40
Q

loose CT

A

has an open network of protein fibers in a thick, syrupy ground substance and is divided into three groups

41
Q

dense CT

A

made up of two types of fibers: protein fibers assembled into thick bundles of collagen and elastic fibers with widely scattered cells

42
Q

dense regular

A

protein fibers in the matrix are arranged in parallel bands

43
Q

dense irregular

A

fibers are interwoven , fibers run in many directions instead of parallel and is found where tension is exerted from many different directions.

44
Q

fluid CT

A

two types: blood and lymph
blood contains red blood cells, erythrocytes and white blood cells, leukocytes

45
Q

fluid CT

A

two types: blood and lymph
blood contains red blood cells, erythrocytes and white blood cells, leukocytes

46
Q

supporting CT

A

two types: bone and cartilage
bone: solid matrix that is composed of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. these salts crystalize on collagen fibers and from hydroxyapatite.

bones support and protect body, provide cavities for synthesis of blood cells and stores fat. bone is vascularized and innervate.

cartilage rubbery avascular noninnervated tissue/ can withstand both compression and tension, the membrane that supports all supporting CT is perichondrium and produces chondoblasts.
three types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.

47
Q

areolar tissue

A

gel-like matrix with all three fiber types: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells

function: wraps and cushions organs; plays important role in inflammation holds and conveys tissue fluid
location: widely distributed under epithelia of body

48
Q

adipose tissue

A

Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes (fat cells), have nucleus pinched to the side by large fat droplet

function: provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs
location: under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breast

49
Q

reticular tissue

A

forms the internal supporting framework for soft organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymphatic organs
network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

function: fibers form a soft internal skeleton[stroma] that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells and macrophages
location: lymphoid organs

50
Q

dense regular CT

A

tissue forms from tendons[connects muscle to bone], and ligaments [connects bone to bone]
primary parallel collagen fibers, a few elastic fibers, major cell type is the fibroblast

function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; bone to bone, withstands great senile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

51
Q

dense regular elastic tissue

A

dense regular elastic tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching, maintains a pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following respiration
location: walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes

52
Q

blood

A

erythrocytes [ transport blood gases ], leukocytes[cells of the immune system and protect the body from the infection] and thrombocytes [form a plug to reduce bleeding]

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix
function: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste and other substances
location: contained within the blood vessels

53
Q

bone

A

hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae, very well vascularized

function: bone supports and protects [by enclosing]; provides levels
location: bones

54
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most common cartilage in the body, distinguishable from other cartilages by the apparent lack of fibers in the matrix. does not contain elastic and collagen fibers, do not stain and are not visible

function: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress
location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilages of the nose, trachea and larynx

55
Q

elastic cartilage

A

many elastic fibers that are visible in the matrix, easily distinguishable from hyaline cartilage, permits considerable bending and twisting of the tissue

function: maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
location: supports the external ear

56
Q

fibrocartilage

A

contains irregular collagen fibers that are visible in the matrix, very strong and surable

function: cushion joints and limit bone movements
location: intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis, discs of knee joint

57
Q

skeletal muscle tissue

A

found in muscles which are attached to bone, are voluntary and allow the body to move about. composed of long cells called muscle fibers. during development, myoblasts fuse into one large cell that compose fiber

function: voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation in the environment, facial expression, voluntary control
location: in skeletal muscle attached to bones or occasionally skin

58
Q

cardiac muscle tissue

A

forms wall of the heart, branching, striated

function: as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control

location: walls of the heart

59
Q

smooth muscle tissue

A

fusiform shape[spindle] with central nuclei, no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets

function: propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control
location: mostly in the walls of hollow organs

60
Q

nervous tissue

A

nervous system made up of neurons and glial cells, together make up nerve or neural tissue.

branching cells
function : transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors which control their activity
location: brain, spinal cord and nerves

61
Q

osteoblast

A

bone forming cells, once encased it becomes osteocyte.
OSTEOCLASTS are bone destroying cells
osteoblasts constantly resynthesizing new bone and osteoclasts are constantly reabsorbing bone

62
Q

bone ossifies in 2 different ways

A

intramembranous bone develop from fibrous membranes

endochondral bone develop by replacing hyaline cartilage

A&P Lab (2 decks)

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