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lab 1 Flashcards

1
Q

four major tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. neural
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2
Q

when looking at slides

A

start by scanning each side at a low magnification because one slide may contain several tissue types, then you can increase the magnification and observe individual cells of the tissue

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3
Q

specimens for histology

A

are first fixed [preserved], then thinly section and lastly stained to improve contrast

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4
Q

epithelial tissue

A

lines and covers organs as well as their internal passageways and forms glands
made up of sheets of cells
functions: filtration, absorption, secretion, excretion, and sensory reception

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5
Q

free or apical surface

A

an epithelium always has one surface where the cells are exposed to either the external environment or to an internal passageway or cavity.

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6
Q

epithelia

A
  • surface and lining tissue = avuscular
  • cells obtain nutrients by diffusion of substances from connective tissue that are underlying the epithelia
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7
Q

basal lamina

A

each epithelium is attache to the body by this[ located between epithelium and CT layer]
- not cellular, formed by glycoprotein secretions from the epithelial cells plus collagen fibers

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8
Q

simple epithelia

A

only one layer
functions: diffusion, absorption, filtration, and secretion

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9
Q

goblet cells

A

protect epithelia at the surface by secreting mucus that coats cells

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10
Q

stratified epithelia

A

composed of more than one layer
found in: areas exposed to abrasion and friction [ex: body surface and upper digestive tract, and function mostly for protection]
- regenerate from basal cells that divide and then move out to replace older cells near apical border.
- most common: stratified squamous

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11
Q

regeneration [ characteristic that distinguishes epithelia ]

A

can easily regenerate themselves

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12
Q

polarity [ characteristic that distinguishes epithelia ]

A
  • membranes always have one free surface[ apical surface] typically significantly different from the basal surface
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13
Q

microvilli

A

finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that greatly increase surface area
brush boarder: they appear fuzzy, seen in secretory or absorbing tissues

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14
Q

cellularity and specialized contacts [characteristic that distinguish epithelia ]

A

cells fit closely together to form membranes and are bound together by specialized junctions

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15
Q

supported by connective tissue [characteristic that distinguish epithelia]

A

the cells are attached to and supported by an adhesive basement membrane [amorphous material secreted partly by the epithelia cells [basil lamina] and CT cells [reticular lamina] that lie adjacent to each other with the reticular lamina deeper to basal lamina]

  • basement membrane helps the epithelia resist tearing and stretching, reinforces structural integrity, and creates a boundary.
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16
Q

avascularity [ characteristic that distinguish epithelia]

A

epithelial tissues have no supply of their own [avascular] , but instead depend on diffusion of nutrients from the underlying connective tissue.

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17
Q

innervate [ characteristic that distinguish epithelia]

A

meaning supplied by never fibers for regulation

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18
Q

glandular epithelia

A

makeup any gland within the body
function: related directly to their location
secretions are produced by and released from glands, can be highly aqueous of largely lipid in nature. [usually contain mixtures of lipids and proteins]

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19
Q

endocrine glands

A

ductless and release hormones [chemical messengers] into the circulation [by releasing them into the extracellular space from which they diffuse to the blood] to regulate the body.

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20
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete their substances onto a body surface or into a body cavity and do not release hormones into the circulation

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21
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete their substances onto a body surface or into a body cavity and do not release hormones into the circulation
produce: saliva, oil, sweat, mucus, bile

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22
Q

unicellular exocrine glands

A

release their secretions by exocytosis directly onto the epithelial surface ex: mucous cells and goblet cells.
while multicellular glands accomplish a similar task except the secretion passes through a duct on its way to the surface.

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23
Q

alveolar or acinar gland

A

secretory cells form small flask-like sacs

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24
Q

tubular gland

A

secretory cells form tubes

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25
tuboalveolar gland
if the gland has both of the above type secretory cells
26
merocrine glands
use exocytosis to secrete their products and are the most common type of multicellular exocrine gland
27
holocrine glands
rupture to release their secretions
28
apocrine glands
the apex of the cell pinches off to release the secretions
29
simple squamous epithelium
thin and often permeable, they are flattened cells found: where filtration or the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority. endothelium: provides a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system mesothelium: found in serous membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs.
30
simple cuboidal epithelium
a single layer of cube-like cells with large spherical nuclei function: secretion and absorption location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
31
simple columnar epithelium
a single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei function: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances, ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary action location: digestive tracts and the uterine tubes and renal collecting ducts
32
stratified squamous epithelium
thick membrane composed of several layers basal cells cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active surface cells are squamous, in the keratinized type cells full of keratin and dead function: protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion location: nonkeratinized type forms the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth and vagina, keratinized variety forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
33
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium
single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface, nuclei seen at different levels; may contain mucus secreting cells and bear cilia function: secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action location: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and parts of the male reproductive tract
34
transitional epithelium
lines organs that must stretch and shrink, cells have a variety of shapes and sizes, and not all of them touch the basal lamina function: stretches rapidly and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine location: lines the ureters, urinary bladder and part of the uretha
35
connective tissue
provides body with structural support, joins structural components together - also protects stores reserve energy, insulates the body mesenchyme: gives rise to all CT noncellular- contain cells that are sparsely spread throughout an extracellular matrix.
36
ground substance
made of interstitial fluid and cell adhesion proteins such as laminin and fibronectin. - composed mainly of glycoprotein, proteoglycans and polysaccharide molecules. suspended in the ground substance are collagen fibers [tissue strength], elastic fibers [flexibility] and reticular fibers
37
most important GAGS
chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid.
38
blast cells
each CT has their own, ex: fibroblasts [in CT proper]. osteoblasts[bone], and chondroblasts [cartilage]
39
connective tissue proper
CT has a thick liquid matrix, divided into two groups: loose and dense fibroblasts: stationary cells that secrete proteins that join other molecules in the matrix to form the collagen and elastic fibers mast cells: detect foreign microorganisms and initiate immune responses against them, also secrete heparin, proteases and other enzymes
40
loose CT
has an open network of protein fibers in a thick, syrupy ground substance and is divided into three groups
41
dense CT
made up of two types of fibers: protein fibers assembled into thick bundles of collagen and elastic fibers with widely scattered cells
42
dense regular
protein fibers in the matrix are arranged in parallel bands
43
dense irregular
fibers are interwoven , fibers run in many directions instead of parallel and is found where tension is exerted from many different directions.
44
fluid CT
two types: blood and lymph blood contains red blood cells, erythrocytes and white blood cells, leukocytes
45
fluid CT
two types: blood and lymph blood contains red blood cells, erythrocytes and white blood cells, leukocytes
46
supporting CT
two types: bone and cartilage bone: solid matrix that is composed of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. these salts crystalize on collagen fibers and from hydroxyapatite. bones support and protect body, provide cavities for synthesis of blood cells and stores fat. bone is vascularized and innervate. cartilage rubbery avascular noninnervated tissue/ can withstand both compression and tension, the membrane that supports all supporting CT is perichondrium and produces chondoblasts. three types of cartilage: hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage.
47
areolar tissue
gel-like matrix with all three fiber types: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and some white blood cells function: wraps and cushions organs; plays important role in inflammation holds and conveys tissue fluid location: widely distributed under epithelia of body
48
adipose tissue
Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes (fat cells), have nucleus pinched to the side by large fat droplet function: provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs location: under skin in subcutaneous tissue; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breast
49
reticular tissue
forms the internal supporting framework for soft organs such as the spleen, liver, and lymphatic organs network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network function: fibers form a soft internal skeleton[stroma] that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells and macrophages location: lymphoid organs
50
dense regular CT
tissue forms from tendons[connects muscle to bone], and ligaments [connects bone to bone] primary parallel collagen fibers, a few elastic fibers, major cell type is the fibroblast function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; bone to bone, withstands great senile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
51
dense regular elastic tissue
dense regular elastic tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers function: allows recoil of tissue following stretching, maintains a pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following respiration location: walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes
52
blood
erythrocytes [ transport blood gases ], leukocytes[cells of the immune system and protect the body from the infection] and thrombocytes [form a plug to reduce bleeding] red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix function: transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, waste and other substances location: contained within the blood vessels
53
bone
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae, very well vascularized function: bone supports and protects [by enclosing]; provides levels location: bones
54
hyaline cartilage
most common cartilage in the body, distinguishable from other cartilages by the apparent lack of fibers in the matrix. does not contain elastic and collagen fibers, do not stain and are not visible function: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilages of the nose, trachea and larynx
55
elastic cartilage
many elastic fibers that are visible in the matrix, easily distinguishable from hyaline cartilage, permits considerable bending and twisting of the tissue function: maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility location: supports the external ear
56
fibrocartilage
contains irregular collagen fibers that are visible in the matrix, very strong and surable function: cushion joints and limit bone movements location: intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis, discs of knee joint
57
skeletal muscle tissue
found in muscles which are attached to bone, are voluntary and allow the body to move about. composed of long cells called muscle fibers. during development, myoblasts fuse into one large cell that compose fiber function: voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation in the environment, facial expression, voluntary control location: in skeletal muscle attached to bones or occasionally skin
58
cardiac muscle tissue
forms wall of the heart, branching, striated function: as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation, involuntary control location: walls of the heart
59
smooth muscle tissue
fusiform shape[spindle] with central nuclei, no striations, cells arranged closely to form sheets function: propels substances or objects along internal passageways; involuntary control location: mostly in the walls of hollow organs
60
nervous tissue
nervous system made up of neurons and glial cells, together make up nerve or neural tissue. branching cells function : transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors which control their activity location: brain, spinal cord and nerves
61
osteoblast
bone forming cells, once encased it becomes osteocyte. OSTEOCLASTS are bone destroying cells osteoblasts constantly resynthesizing new bone and osteoclasts are constantly reabsorbing bone
62
bone ossifies in 2 different ways
intramembranous bone develop from fibrous membranes endochondral bone develop by replacing hyaline cartilage

A&P Lab (2 decks)

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