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Health and social care > LAA > Flashcards

LAA Flashcards

1
Q

Homozygous

A

Homozygousis a word that refers to a particular gene that has identical. It is referred to by two capital letters (XX) for a dominant trait, and two lowercase letters (xx) for a recessive trait.

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2
Q

Dominant

A

An allele that when present displays in an individual.

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3
Q

Recessive

A

An allele that does not show when a dominant allele is present.

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4
Q

Genotype

A

An organism’sgenotypeis the set of genes that carries, all the genetic makeup this includes blood group, height, foot size, eye colour

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’sphenotypeis all of its observable characteristics — which are influenced both by itsgenotypeand by the environment., e.g. height and weight

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6
Q

Genes

A

a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.

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7
Q

Alleles

A

Analleleis one of two or more versions of a gene. An individual inherits twoallelesfor each gene, one from each parent.

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8
Q

Heterozygous

A

Heterozygousmeans that an organism has two different alleles of a gene.

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9
Q

Antenatal Ultrasound

A
  • Ultrasound using sound waves
  • Creates a 2D & 3D image of the baby
  • Monitors and asses the developing foetus
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10
Q

Nuchal translucency Ultrasound

A
  • Done at 11 and 14 weeks
  • Measures the fluid under the skin at the back of the babies neck
  • Babies with down syndrome tend to have an increased amount
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11
Q

Antenatal amniocentesis testing

A
  • Small amount of amniotic fluid is removed from the sac
  • Usually reserved for women that are considered to be at a higher risk of carrying a foetus with chromosomal or genetic abnormalities e.g. older women
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12
Q

Chorionic Villus sampling (CVS)

A
  • Usually done at 11th and 14th week.
  • A sample of cells is removed from the placenta.
  • Offered is there is a high risk of the baby have chromosomal or genetic conditions
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13
Q

Chorionic Villus procedure

A
  • Transabdominal CVS: a needle is inserted through the tummy (Most common method)
  • Transcervical CVS: a tube or forceps are inserted through the cervix.
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14
Q

Blood spot - Guthrie test

A
  • Offered to newborns ideally at 5 days old.
  • Test for 1 of 9 rare but serious health conditions such as: sickle cell anaemia, cystic fibrosis, PKU, maple syrup urine disease, congenital hypothyroidism.
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15
Q

Ribosomes

A

Ribosomes make protein, which are needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical response

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16
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid - network of chromosomes responsible for the control of the cell and passing on inherited characteristics.

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17
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

gathers simple molecules and combines to make molecules that are complex. Takes big molecules and packages them for later use

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18
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • semi permeable membrane

- border of the cell, to keep cytoplasm in place around the nucleus.

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Jelly like fluid that fills the cell

- Keeps organelles in their place

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20
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Helps with production and storage of proteins

- Has ribosomes on its surface

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21
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • Helps with production and storage of proteins.

- Does not have any ribosomes on its surface

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22
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • contain digestive enzymes

- Digest excess or worn out parts of cells, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria

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23
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Powerhouse of the cell

- act as a digestive system, takes in nutrients, breaks them down and creates energy.

24
Q

Nucleus

A

control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during cell cycle.

25
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • storage bubbles found in cells.
  • store food or any variety of nutrients a cell may need to survive
  • Can even store waste products, to protect the rest of the cell from contamination
26
Q

Centrioles

A
  • Main function is to help with cell division

- help in the formation of spindle fibres that separate the chromosomes during cell division.

27
Q

Tissues

A
  • Group of cell, have similar structure and function together as a unit.
    Four types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.
28
Q

Epithelial tissues

A
  • Widespread throughout the body

- Functions include: protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion and sensory reception

29
Q

Simple Squamous (Epithelial)

A
  • Can be found in the air sac of of the lungs and lining of the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
  • Allows materials to pass through by filtration, secretes lubricating substances.
30
Q

Simple cuboidal (Epithelial)

A
  • Can be found in ducts and secretory portions of small glands and in kidney tubules
  • secretes and absorbs
31
Q

Simple columnar (Epithelial)

A
  • Can be found in the linings of most organs of the digestive tract including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
  • absorbs and secretes mucous and enzymes
32
Q

Stratified squamous (Epithelial)

A
  • Can be found in the lining of the oesophagus, mouth and vagina
  • protects against abrasion
33
Q

Stratified cuboidal (Epithelial)

A
  • Can be found in the sweat glands, salivary glands and mammary glands
  • protective tissue
34
Q

Pseudostratified columnar (Epithelial)

A
  • Can be found in ciliated tissues, lines the trachea, and much of the upper respiratory tract
  • secrete mucous
35
Q

Transitional (Epithelial)

A
  • Can be found in the bladder, urethra and uterus

- allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch

36
Q

Areolar tissue (connective)

A
  • found in various places: surrounding your blood vessels, nerve bundles, muscles, and holding organs in place
  • fills space between organs
  • connect skin to your underlying muscular layers
37
Q

Adipose tissue (connective)

A
  • AKA fat, composed of adipocytes
  • main role is to store energy in form of fat
  • cushions and insulates the body
  • located beneath the skin also around internal organs
38
Q

Blood (Connective)

A

Blood, has fluid, called plasma, it provides a transport system within our body, for oxygen, nutrients and other waste substances as well as maintaining an even temperature, in the body. floating in the plasma are other single cells, such as red and white blood cells

39
Q

Osseous tissue (connective)

A
  • function includes: locomotion, support and protection of soft tissues, calcium and phosphate storage
40
Q

Cartilage (Connective)

A
  • Provides support, less rigid than bone
  • allows for flexibility, has more stability than muscle
  • Elastic cartilage (Most flexible): found in the ear
  • Hyaline cartilage (2nd most flexible): found in nose and ribs
  • Fibro cartilage (least flexible): found in knee and vertebrae
41
Q

Muscular tissue

A
  • composed of cells, have ability to shorten or contract, which produces movement of body parts
  • supplied with blood vessels
  • Usually arranged in bundles or layers
42
Q

Skeletal muscle (muscle tissue)

A
  • are cylindrical, multinucleated, striated, and under voluntary control.
  • used for motion (movement) position and production of heat
43
Q

Smooth muscle (Muscle tissue)

A
  • spindle shaped, have a single, centrally located nucleus, and lack striations. They are called involuntary muscles
  • provides movement through the hollow organs e.g the gastro intestinal tract
44
Q

Cardiac muscle (Muscle tissue)

A
  • muscle has branching fibres, one nucleus per cell, striations, and intercalated disks. Its contraction is not under voluntary control
  • has the ability to contract to allow the heart to function as a double pump
45
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves
  • responsible for coordinating and controlling body activities
  • stimulates muscle contraction, creates awareness, plays major role in emotions, memory and reasoning
46
Q

Role of energy

A
  • Energy to shiver when cold
  • Run, Jump, skip and jump about
  • send nerve impulses back to brain
  • moves food along digestive tract
47
Q

Energy

A

fuels your body’s internal functions, repairs, builds and maintains cells and body tissues, and supports the external activities. Water is your body’s most important nutrient and helps facilitate the chemical reactions that produce energy from food.

48
Q

Metabolism

A

a term that is used to describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism. So, the energy changes in a human to keep the human alive!

49
Q

Why is energy required

A

fuels yourbody’sinternal functions, repairs, builds and maintains cells and bodytissues, and supports the external activities that enable you to interact with the physical world.

50
Q

Catoblism

A

The set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidised to release energy, or used in other anabolic reactions

51
Q

Anabolism

A

the process by which the body utilises the energy released by catabolism to make complex molecules. These are used to form cellular structures made from small and simple amino acids that act as building blocks

52
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Happens in the mitochondria part of each cell. Itis the form ofrespirationwhich uses oxygen.
It is the enzyme-controlled release of energy from food using oxygen
It can be summarised by this equation: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

53
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

is a type ofrespirationthat does not use oxygen. It is used when there is not enough oxygen for aerobicrespiration. It can be summarised by the following equation: glucose → lactic acid (+ energy released) Anaerobic respirationoccurs in some bacteria and in muscle when exercise is strenuous and there is not enough oxygen.

54
Q

Basal Metabolic rate

A

is the minimum number of calories your body needs at rest to fuel its metabolic activity, for example to maintain functions such as the heart pumping blood, breathing and temperature

55
Q

Factors affecting BMR

A
  • Age, gender - male or female, the proportion of muscle to fat in the body, the amount of exercise and other physical activity
  • genetic traits, exercise

Health and social care (1 decks)

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