LA diseases

Question 1

What two physiological characteristics of the body can affect PCV?

Answer 1

Hydration status and splenic contraction

Question 2

What two blood smear findings are normal in horses that would be abnormal in other species?

Answer 2

Anisocytosis and rouleaux formation

Question 3

What do horses not produce that are typically the indicator of regenerative anemia?

Answer 3

Reticulocytes

Question 4

What three indices are evidence of RBC regeneration in horses?

Answer 4

Macrocytosis, normochromic, and increased anisocytosis/RDW

Question 5

What is the gold standard for confirming regenerative anemia?

Answer 5

Bone marrow sampling

Question 6

You have a urine sample that you obtained from a suspected anemia horse and it is red. You centrifuge it and when it is done, there is a red pellet at the bottom and the rest of the urine is normal pale yellow, what does this indicate?

Answer 6

Hematuria

Question 7

You have a urine sample that you obtained from a suspected anemia horse and it is red. You centrifuge it and when it is done, there is a red pellet at the bottom and the rest of the urine is normal pale yellow, what does this indicate? - Hematuria

If the urine were to still be red, what does this instead indicate?

Answer 7

Hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria

Question 8

How would you then distinguish between if the patient has hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria?

Answer 8

Take a blood sample and centrifuge it, plasma should be red for hemoglobinuria and normal, pale yellow/clear for myoglobinuria

Question 9

What percentage of blood volume can horses lose before death?

Answer 9

30%

Question 10

What percentage of a horse’s body weight is their blood volume?

Answer 10

8%

Question 11

Why can giving a bolus of fluids to a hemorrhaging patient exacerbate bleeding?

Answer 11

The rapid increase in volume can knock a forming clot free and bleeding can restart

Question 12

In addition to low PCV values and peracute hemorrhage signs (tachycardia, pale mm, hypotension, weakness), clinical signs of poor tissue oxygenation indicate a transfusion should be given. What is the primary indicator of poor tissue oxygenation?

Answer 12

High blood lactate

Question 13

Should you type or cross-match a horse if they have never had a transfusion?

Answer 13

Nope

Question 14

What are the two toxic processes of red maple toxicity?

Answer 14

Hemoglobin changes to methemoglobin and oxidative damage to RBCs

Question 15

In the treatment of red maple toxicity, what is given to reduce methemoglobin back to hemoglobin?

Answer 15

Ascorbic acid

Question 16

What is the name for the equine infectious anemia test that horses need to have a negative result of within 1 year when comingling with other horses?

Answer 16

Coggins test

Question 17

Why do goats generally have lower PCVs than other species?

Answer 17

Their RBCs are smaller

Question 18

Hemoglobin (on CBC) should be what fraction or lower of a patient’s PCV, besides in camelids whose hemoglobin can be up to ½ of their PCV?

Answer 18

⅓

Question 19

What intestinal parasite is the primary cause of blood loss in small ruminants?

Answer 19

Haemonchus contortus

Question 20

What ectoparasite can cause blood loss anemia in food animal species?

Answer 20

Lice

Question 21

Which general age group of cattle will have mild to no clinical signs when infected with anaplasma?

Answer 21

Young, if infected before 6-9 months

Question 22

What disease is very similar to anaplasma in terms of clinical signs and carrier state after infection that is transmitted by the Asian Longhorn tick?

Answer 22

Theileria

Question 23

What occurs due to the sudden increase in water uptake by cells in water intoxication? Two answers.

Answer 23

Cerebral edema → neurologic signs; and hypotonicity and subsequent rupture of RBCs → intravascular hemolysis

Question 24

What is the treatment for water intoxication?

Answer 24

Hypertonic saline IV

Question 25

What is the formula to determine the amount of blood you want to give your anemic patient?

Answer 25

(Body weight in kgs x 0.08 x (PCV desired - PCV recipient)) / PCV donor blood = L blood

Question 26

How much blood can be taken from a blood donor?

Answer 26

Up to 25% of blood volume

Question 27

What is vasculitis?

Answer 27

Inflammation of blood vessels

Question 28

Is vasculitis localized or systemic?

Answer 28

Could be either

Question 29

Is vasculitis primary or secondary?

Answer 29

Could be either, primary rare in animals

Question 30

Why do antibodies produced by plasma cells in response to viruses found in blood vessels sometimes instead cross react to blood vessel walls?

Answer 30

Molecular mimicry

Question 31

What two things are released by neutrophils that are triggered by antibodies?

Answer 31

Chemokines that attract more neutrophils and reactive oxygen species

Question 32

What occurs subsequently to the narrowing of the affected vessel’s lumen due to occlusion with inflammatory cells, thrombosis, hyperplasia, and/or fibrosis if chronic? Two answers.

Answer 32

Tissue ischemia and organ dysfunction

Question 33

What is vasculitis in large animals usually secondary to? Three very general answers.

Answer 33

Infectious, toxic, or neoplastic diseases

Question 34

What mucous membrane clinical signs can be due to vasculitis? Four answers.

Answer 34

Hyperemia, petechiae, ecchymoses, and ulceration

Question 35

What are three adverse sequelae of vasculitis in large animals? Specific inflammatory diseases.

Answer 35

Cellulitis, thrombophlebitis, and laminitis

Question 36

What is the most common clinical sign that horses present with when they have vasculitis?

Answer 36

Edema

Question 37

What are the four specific diseases/infections resulting in vasculitis in equine patients?

Answer 37

Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Strep equi → purpura hemorrhagica, equine viral arteritis, and equine infectious anemia

Question 38

What is the most common cause of vasculitis in bovine patients?

Answer 38

Malignant catarrhal fever

Question 39

What is the most common cause of vasculitis in ovine patients?

Answer 39

Bluetongue

Question 40

What abnormal values indicate chronic inflammation on bloodwork?

Answer 40

Neutrophilia, mild anemia, hyperglobulinemia, and hyperfibrinogenemia

Question 41

How is vasculitis definitively diagnosed?

Answer 41

Biopsy and histopathology of affected blood vessels

Question 42

What drugs are used to treat vasculitis?

Answer 42

Corticosteroids +/- other immunosuppressives

Question 43

What is lymphangitis?

Answer 43

A form of vasculitis that affects the lymphatics

Question 44

Where does lymphangitis most often occur in the body?

Answer 44

In a limb