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Research Methods in developmental psychology > L9: Psychophysiology > Flashcards

L9: Psychophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is psychophysiology?

A

Study of the relationship between physiological and psychological phenomena

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2
Q

What is arousal?

A

State of alertness which facilitates optimal performance for the ANS
We want to measure arousal to see the physical & mental health of ppts
Important to maintain balance of anxiety & laidbackness in study - more difficult with infants they may need to sleep or cry

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3
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

A

NS in charge of all automatic body functions e.g., breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are apart of the ANS

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4
Q

What is the parasympathetic NS?

A

Tampers the sympathetic NS back down - rest & recovery
Network of nerves that relaxes your body after periods of stress or danger & is involved in homestasis
Acetylcholine is release throughout

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5
Q

What is the sympathetic NS?

A

a network of nerves that helps your body activate its “fight-or-flight” response
Noradrenaline released in the sympathetic ganglia
Fight or flight
Body is constantly moving between states of arousal

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6
Q

How does ECG measure arousal?

A

Measures electrical vagus nerve activity on heart rate

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7
Q

How does skin conductance measure arousal?

A

Electrodes on skin- measuring electrical conductivity

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8
Q

Respiration rate

A

Measuring respiration rate

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9
Q

What is pupillometry?

A

Measurement of minute fluctuations in pupil diameter in response to stimulus constriction

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10
Q

What are eye tracking measures?

A

Used to detect eye movements & analyze human processing of info
Produces both eye-tracking & pupillometry data

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11
Q

What did Geanugu et al., 2011 find regarding pupil dilation of babies?

A

6-12 month old babies
Measured pupillometry when babies cried, laughed & babbled
Results: 6m old infants showed greater arousal to positive & negative arousal

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12
Q

How to measure heart rate?

A

Using ECG (Electrocardiogram) which provides a high resolution measure of HR
13 sensors placed on the back
Slower heartbeat = Longer duration
Faster heartbeat = Shorter duration

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13
Q

What did Richards & Casey., 1991 measure?

A

Were interested in measuring HR change based upon a stimulus
Presented infant ppts in front of TV to watch Sesame Street
Heart rate variability changed throughout attention
The change consisted of a decrease in variability during attention and a return to prestimulus levels approximately five seconds following attention termination

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14
Q

Alternative sources for heart rate

A

Purdue et al., (2014) measured neural responses during fNIRS to emotional faces of infants
We can use fNIRS to measure parasympathetic NS

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15
Q

How does the autonomic nervous system respond to threat?

A

The autonomic nervous system has two components, the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system
The sympathetic nervous system functions like a gas pedal in a can
It triggers the fight-or-flight response, providing the body with a burst of energy so that it can respond to perceived dangers

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16
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

A structure deep in your brain, acts as your body’s smart control coordinating center
Main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis. It does its job by directly influencing your autonomic nervous system or by managing hormones

17
Q

Role of hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis

A

Activation of the HPA axis initiates a number of behavioral and physiological changes that can improve an individual’s chance of survival when faced with homeostasis challenges

HPA- axis releases corticotropin (CRH)
CRH is the regulator of the HPA axis
CRH increase activity in the SNS & signals pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is made up of 2 parts

18
Q

What is the sympathetic-adreno-medullar (SAM) axis?

A

neuroendocrine stress-response system
A stressor is perceived via the sympathetic nervous system, triggering in humans the production and release of hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine by the adrenal gland (in particular, the medulla)

19
Q

What is the stress hormone?

A

Cortisol

20
Q

How can we measure stress using the Trier Stress Social Stress Test? (Labuschagne et al., 2019)

A

Ask ppts to write a speech about themselves & present this
Salivette samples are collected throughout
Salivette samples are a less invasive way of measuring cortisol
TSST reliably increases HPA-axis activation, amongst other biomarkers, through a combination of social evaluative threat and uncontrollability

21
Q

What did Kirchbaum et al., (1993) measure using the TSST?

A

‘Trier Social Stress Test’ (TSST) mainly consists of an anticipation period (10 min) and a test period (10 min) in which the subjects have to deliver a free speech and perform mental arithmetic in front of an audience
Found the TSST induces cortisol in 6 studies

22
Q

How is cortisol regulated?

A

Hypothalamus & pituitary gland regulate cortisol
Cortisol is involved in metabolic processes as well as stress regulation
Fluctuation of cortisol throughout the day
During stressful situations cortisol spikes

23
Q

What did Gunnar et al., 2001 find about the body’s adjustment of stress?

A

The body adjusts to stress
Measured cortisol levels in children who were adopted from Romania & were living in North America
Ppts who were adopted before 4 months had same cortisol levels as those who had never been institutionalized
Adopted after 4m - cortisol levels increased throughout the day

24
Q

What did Lapp et al., 2019 find about ACE’s impact on stress?

A

Ppt with more ACE’s had a lower stress response to the TSST tasks

25
Q

What can confound measurement of stress?

A

Environmental features may change the control you have over your PNS responses
EX. maintaining homeostasis though temperature regulation
ANS activity- changes with age
Smoking, eating, SSRI’s - all can impact you stress levels

26
Q

What are the benefits of simultaneity?

A

By pairing multiple methods you’re better able to eliminate paired activity in any 1 measure of PNS/ SNS activity
Mixed methods & multi-informant designs
E.G., HR and SCR

27
Q

What are paired responses?

A

Pupil dilation & light changes
HR & Respiration
Temperature & SCR

28
Q

What developmental modifications are necessary for measuring physiology in developmental ages?

A

Eye-tracking: No modification needed
Galvanic Skin response & Heart rate: Difficult to measure in infants as they’re less tolerant of sensors & equipment e.g., may need to place on heels

Research Methods in developmental psychology (9 decks)

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