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Sem2: MDSA30160: Cardiorespiratory Disease > L9 Lipid Metabolism and Dyslipidemia > Flashcards

L9 Lipid Metabolism and Dyslipidemia Flashcards

1
Q

Size of Lipoproteins?

A

HDL< LDL < IDL< VLDL < Chylomicrons

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2
Q

_______________: Modified atherogenic LDL w/ Apo (a), most atherogenic lipoprotein

A

Lipoprotein A: Modified atherogenic LDL w/ Apo (a)

most atherogenic lipoprotein

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3
Q

What is an important biomarker for increasded CVD risk?

A

Apo (a) is an important biomarker and indicator CVD risk

measure someone once if high -> increased CVD risk

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4
Q

What is an important biomarker for increasded CVD risk?

A

Apo (a) is an important biomarker and indicator CVD risk

measure someone once if high -> increased CVD risk

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5
Q

______________:

Absorb dietary triglycerides, some cholesterol

Transports to peripheral tissues and liver

A

Chylomicrons (ApoB48, ApoE and Apo C-II)

Absorb dietary triglycerides, some cholesterol

Transport to peripheral tissues and liver

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6
Q

______________:

TG-rich

Transport TG and chol around the body –> LDL as they lose Triglycerides

A

VLDL (ApoB-100 , ApoE and Apo C-II)

TG-rich

Transport TG and chol around the body.

VLDL –> LDL as they lose Triglycerides

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7
Q

___________:

Carries cholesterol in its core to peripheral tissues

Targetted by Statins

Pathogenesis?

A

LDL (ApoB-100)

Carries cholesterol in its core to peripheral tissues

Pathogenesis:

HIGHER LDL => Increased risk of CVD

LDL is difficult to be taken up by macrophages → atherotic lesions

Modification of LDL (Primarily through oxidation)

Smoking increases oxidation

Once modified more easily taken up

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8
Q

How do Statins function?

A

LDL receptor in the liver is key one for lipoprotein metabolism

statins upregulate LDL receptor in liver

=> clears LDL from circulation

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9
Q

____________:

Carries cholesterol from peripheral to liver

excretion in bile or feces

Known as Reverse Cholesterol transport

A

HDL (ApoA-I, ApoA-II, ApoE, Apo C-II)

Carries cholesterol from peripheral to liver

excretion in bile or feces

Known as Reverse Cholesterol transport

LOWER HDL => Increased risk of CVD

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10
Q

LOWER ________ and HIGHER ________ => Increased risk of CVD

A

LOWER HDL** and HIGHER **LDL => Increased risk of CVD

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11
Q

Role of cholesterol in the body?

How is it regulated?

A

Cholesterol is used for steroid hormone synthesis and cell wall synthesis.

Cannot be metabolized, only secreted!!

Increased fiber content of diet –> promotes cholesterol secretion in feces

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12
Q

____________ celaves lipoproteins for circulation during endogenous lipoprotein metabolism

A

APO C II

(Chylomicrons and VLDL)

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13
Q

_________ potent at driving endogenous cholesterol synthesis

A

Saturated fats potent at driving endogenous cholesterol synthesis

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14
Q

________ and ________ interact with lipoprotein receptors as part of endogenous lipoprotein metabolism

A

APO E and APO B interact with lipoprotein receptors as part of endogenous lipoprotein metabolism

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15
Q

Familial Hypercholesterolemia Types?

A

ApoC-II or LPL defect (Type I): Hyperchylomicronemia

=> excessive accumulation of chylomicrons

LDL receptor defect (Type II)

Very hard to treat (Most LDL treatments target LDL receptor expression)

Treat w/ apheresis to filter out excess LDL every few weeks

ApoE defect (Type III)

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16
Q

ApoB-48 is associated with which Lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons

17
Q

ApoB-100 is associated with which Lipoproteins?

A

VLDL

IDL

LDL

18
Q

ApoA is associated with which Lipoproteins?

A

HDL

19
Q

ApoE is associated with which Lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons

vLDL

HDL

20
Q

ApoC is associated with which Lipoproteins?

A

Chylomicrons

VLDL

HDL

21
Q

Endogenous Pathway of Lipoprotein Metabolism

A

Majority of Cholesterol from this

22
Q

Exogenous pathway of Lipoprotein Metabolism

A

Exogenous Pathway: taking in from external source

Food eaten –> triglycerides –> cholesterol

Not much cholesterol eaten, when it is upregulated enzymes that break it down

23
Q

The blood of a person who consumes large amounts of animal fat would most likely contain which one of the following soon after consumption?

A.Increased levels of LDL and HDL

B.Increased levels of HDL

C.Increased levels of VLDL

D.Increased levels of VLDL and HDL

E.Increased levels of chylomicrons

A

The blood of a person who consumes large amounts of animal fat would most likely contain which one of the following soon after consumption?

A.Increased levels of LDL and HDL

B.Increased levels of HDL

C.Increased levels of VLDL

D.Increased levels of VLDL and HDL

E.Increased levels of chylomicrons

24
Q

Hyperchylomicronemia: (__________ or ___________ defect)

=> excessive accumulation of chylomicrons

A

Hyperchylomicronemia:Type I- (ApoC-II**or**Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) Defect)

=> excessive accumulation of chylomicrons

25
Q
A
26
Q

Dyslipidemia in Diabetes

A

Increased:

TG

VLDL

LDL

Apo B

Decreased:

HDL

Apo A I

27
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Dyslipidemia?

A

Xanthoma (cholesterol deposits in skin/tendons/joints)

Xanthelasma (yellow plaque on eyelids-excess cholesterol)

Lipemia Retinalis (milky retina -excess Chylomicron/TG)

Atherosclerosis

28
Q

Primary vs. Secondary Management of CVD Risk

A

Primary prevention aimed at people who already have developed cardiovascular risk factors, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol => to prevent progression to CVD

Secondary Prevention preventing heart attack and stroke through drug therapy and counseling for high-risk individuals– those with previous events or known CVD

29
Q

Strategies to Lower LDL Cholesterol Levels?

A

Avoid dietary trans fat

Reduce Saturated Fats

Increase Fiber Intake

30
Q

_____________ blocks reabsorption of both biliary and dietary cholesterol from intestine

A

Ezetimibe blocks reabsorption of both biliary and dietary cholesterol from intestine

31
Q

______________ block reabsorption of bile-acids into circulation

A

Bile-acid sequestrants block reabsorption of bile-acids into circulation

32
Q

__________ represents ~25% of total cholesterol in intestine

__________ represents ~75% of total cholesterol in intestine

A

Dietary cholesterol represents ~25% of total cholesterol in intestine

Biliary cholesterol (Liver) represents ~75% of total cholesterol in intestine

33
Q

Intestinal cholesterols absorbed by _________

=> returned to the liver

=>repackaged with _________

A

Intestinal cholesterols absorbed by chylomicrons

=> returned to the liver

=>repackaged with apoB-100 => from VLDL

34
Q

A patient with a hyperlipoproteinemia would be most likely to benefit from a low-carbohydrate diet if the lipoproteins that are elevated in the blood belong to which class of lipoproteins?

A.LDL

B.VLDL

C.Chylomicrons

D.Chylomicrons and VLDL

E.HDL

A

A patient with a hyperlipoproteinemia would be most likely to benefit from a low-carbohydrate diet if the lipoproteins that are elevated in the blood belong to which class of lipoproteins?

A.LDL

B.VLDL

C.Chylomicrons

D.Chylomicrons and VLDL

E.HDL

35
Q

Factors influencing HDL Levels?

A

Factors that increase HDL

–Oral estrogens

–Aerobic exercise

–Alcohol intake

Factors that decrease HDL

–Low-fat, high-carbdiets

–Obesity

–Metabolic Syndrome/Hypertriglyceridemia

–Type II diabetes

–Androgens, some progestins

–Beta-blockers

36
Q

_________ is the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight.

A

Metformin is the first-line medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, particularly in people who are overweight.

37
Q

Which one of the following is characteristic of high-density lipoprotein?

A. It carries apolipoproteinE, an activator of lipoprotein lipase

B. It is produced by the action of lipoprotein lipase on VLDL

C. It is digested by muscle lysosomes

D. Its major apolipoproteinis apoB48

E. It is remodelled by cholesterol ester transfer protein

A
38
Q

REDUCED ______ ASSOCIATED W/ HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA

A

REDUCED HDL ASSOCIATED W/ HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA

Sem2: MDSA30160: Cardiorespiratory Disease (24 decks)

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