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Medical Microbiology > L8- Parasitology > Flashcards

L8- Parasitology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What does symbiosis mean?

A
  • Living together
  • Relationship between 2 or more organisms
  • Usually long term
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2
Q

What is mutualism?

A
  • Type of relationship between organisms where two organisms of a different species work together and both benefit
  • Oxpecker (food obtained) and rihinocerous (pest control)
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3
Q

What is commenalism?

A
  • Type of relationship where one organisms benefits from the other without harming it
  • Cattle egret and livestock
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4
Q

What is parasitism?

A

• Symbiotic relationship where one organism (the parasite) lives on/in another organism (host) and causes it some harm

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5
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

Live on the surface of hosts e.g lice, tick

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6
Q

What is an endoparasite?

A

Live within the body of the host e.g plasmodium

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7
Q

What is a permanent (obligate) parasite?

A

Can not live without its host e.g plasmodium, trypanosoma

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8
Q

What is a facultative parasite?

A

Able to survive without the host if alternative food source becomes available e.g candida albicans

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9
Q

What is a pathogenic parasite?

A

Causes disease in the host

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10
Q

What is a non-pathogenic paraside?

A

Mostly harmless, obtains food and protection from the host without causing harm e.g entamoeba coli

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11
Q

What is an opportunistic parasite?

A

Causes mild disease in immunologically healthy individuals but cause severe disease in immunodeficient hosts e.g candida albicans, toxoplasma gondii

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12
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

Host for the adult stage of a parasite or the most developed or sexually mature form e.g mosquitoes for malaria

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13
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

Host for sexually immature larval stage of a parasite (no fertilisation takes place) e.g pig for taenia solium

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14
Q

What is an animal reservoir host?

A

Acts as sources of infection to definitive host e.g monkeys

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15
Q

What is an accidental host?

A

Life cycles cannot be completed. Not the target host.e.g the eggs of a fish parasite accidentally swallowed by a human

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16
Q

What is a paratenic host?

A

No development of the parasite until it reaches the definitive host e.gfish host harbours diphyllobothrium latuss until eventually eaten by humans or other final hosts

17
Q

What is a vector?

A

Usually arthropds or other living carriers which transmit a disease

18
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

Diseases from vertebrate animals to humans

19
Q

What are endemics, pandemics and epidemics?

A
  • Epidemic- rapid spreading of a disease
  • Endemic- disease regularly found among particular people or area
  • Pandemic- world wide spread of disease (new)
20
Q

What are the two types of human parasites?

A
  • Protozoa e.g plasmodium, toxoplasma gondii

* Metazoa (helminths)- platyhelminths (flatworms) and nematodes

21
Q

What is plasmodium?

A
  • Protozoa parasite that causes malaria
  • Spreads via infected female Anopheles mosquito bites
  • Facultative ectoparasites
22
Q

What types of plasmodium cause malaria in humans?

A
  • Plasmodium falciparum (most common in africa)
  • Plasmodium vivax (less severe, more widespread)
  • Plasmodium malariae (persists in blood without symptoms)
  • Plasmodium ovale
23
Q

What is the life cycle of plasmodium?

A
  1. Exoerythrocytic- Liver of human, schizogony
  2. Erythrocytic- RBC of human ruptures and releases merozoites
  3. Sporogenic in female anopheles mosquito after biting infected human
24
Q

What are clinical features of malaria?

A
  • Malaise and headache
  • Vomiting
  • Anaemia
  • Fever, chills, sweats
25
Q

How is malaria treated?

A
  • Chemotherapy

* Chemoprophylaxis

26
Q

What is the host immune response to malaria?

A
  • Develops after long exposure and is not sterile
  • Strain and species specific because IgG directed against PfEMP1 which is variant
  • Adults in endemic areas have antibodies to all PfEMP1 variants
  • If adult moves out of endemic area, immune response declines and they are susceptible again
27
Q

What is trypanosoma?

A
  • Genus of parasitic protozoa causing African trypanosmiasis (sleeping sickness)
  • Vector is tsetse fly
  • Caused by T. brucei brucie (not in humans), T. brucei rhodensienses (East Africa) and T. brucie gambiense (West Africa)
28
Q

What are symptoms of sleeping sickness?

A
  • Fever, rash, swelling of face and hands
  • Headache
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Weight loss, progressive confusion, daytime sleepiness with night time sleep disturbances
  • Coma and death (untreated)

Medical Microbiology (13 decks)

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