L8-L10 Flashcards
What does an audibility curve depict?
absolute threshold for hearing as a function of frequency
Audibility threshold
the lowest sound pressure level that can be reliably detected across the frequency range of human hearing (20-20000 Hz)
Audiometer
an instrument used to measure the absolute threshold (dB) for pure tones of different frequencies
What 2 kinds of sounds stimulate the cochlea?
air-conducted sounds (e.g. headphones) and bone-conducted sounds (e.g. vibration of skull)
2 ways in which loudness perception is different from intensity
(1) different sound pressure levels can result in the same loudness perception depending on frequency; (2) loudness increases with duration of sound (up to 200ms) with intensity held constant
Temporal integration
the perception of loudness depends on the summation of energy over a brief, but noticeable, period of time (100-200ms)
3 methods used to study loudness perception
loudness matching, loudness scaling, and loudness discrimination experiments
Psychoacoustics
branch of psychophysics that studies the psychological correlates of the physical dimensions of sound
Task performed in loudness matching
adjust the intensity of comparison tones to match the loudness of a 1000 Hz standard tone of a certain intensity, resulting in an equal loudness contour
What does an equal-loudness contour depict?
the sound pressure level necessary for comparison tones between 20-20000 Hz to match the loudness of a 1000 Hz standard tone of a fixed sound pressure level (indicated by the number on each curve)
Phon
unit of loudness level for pure tones obtained from matching experiments; sound pressure level of an equally loud 1000Hz pure tone
Task performed in loudness scaling
adjust the intensity of a 1000Hz, 40dB tone to be twice as loud (2 sones), half as loud, etc.
Sone
unit of loudness from scaling experiments
What’s the JND for loudness?
a 1-2 dB increase in intensity is required to be able to notice any increase in loudness
loudness increases more slowly than intensity!
What is pitch perception related to in pure tones and complex tones?
frequency of pure tones and fundamental frequency of complex tones
Frequency range of human hearing
20-20000 Hz (can’t hear below or above regardless of intensity)
At what frequency range is pitch discrimination good?
low frequencies; JND increases as standard frequency increases
therefore, place theory of frequency coding can’t entirely explain pitch perception
Masking
measures the absolute threshold for detecting a pure tone in the presence of masking noise of varying bandwidth (range of frequencies with equal amplitude)
Why do psychoacousticians use masking experiments?
to investigate frequency selectivity
Critical bandwidth
bandwidth beyond which adding more frequencies to the masking noise does not raise the absolute threshold any further
General finding on critical bandwidths
lower frequency test tones have smaller critical bandwidths
What is the interpretation of critical bandwidths?
reveals the frequency tuning of sets of auditory neurons used to detect the test tone; frequencies outside the bandwidth may stimulate a different set of neurons
Upward spread of masking
masking effect is asymmetrical; masking frequencies lower than the test tone are more effective
Task performed in psychophysical tuning curves
adjust masking tone intensity until the low dB test tone (1 of 6 frequencies) that occur at some point during the masking tone is just detectable