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Pharmacology Exam 1 (Lauren) > L7 Toxicology > Flashcards

L7 Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: drugs that are normally eliminated through first order kinetics can switch to zero order if you have a ton of it?

A

True

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2
Q

CO, cyanide and lead bind ________ (directly/indirectly) to cell components like lipids, proteins, and nuclei acids

A

directly

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3
Q

What are the two types of cell death

A

Necrosis- caused by external factors

Apoptosis- programmed cell death

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4
Q

Can you do gastric lovage after 4 hours?

A

No, and not if its been 30 minutes for a corrosive material

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5
Q

What drug do you use to chelate arsenic, gold, mercury and acute lead

A

Dimercaprol

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6
Q

What drug do you use to chelate copper?

A

Penicillamine

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7
Q

What metal does deferoxamine chelate?

A

Iron

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8
Q

What metal does Calcium disodium edetate ( EDTA) chelate?

A

Lead

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9
Q

What drug is given to inactivate acetaminophen?

A

Acetylcysteine

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10
Q

When would you use atropine as an antidote

A

For organophosphates (AChE inhibitors)

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11
Q

When would you use sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate and amyl nitrite as an antidote

A

Cyanide

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12
Q

When would you use ethanol as an antidote/

A

Methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning

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13
Q

When would you use fomepizole as an antidote?

A

Ethylene glycol

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14
Q

How does bleach cause harm?

A

Oxidative stress

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15
Q

Should you use emesis or lavage for bleach?

A

No

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16
Q

How does ethylene glycol hurt you?

A

Alters calcium homeostasis

Converted to oxalic acid by ADH (kidney damage)

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17
Q

How do you treat ethylene glycol toxicity?

A

Gastric lavage

IV ethanol

Fomepizole

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18
Q

How would you treat botulism,

A

Emesis/lavage/cathartic

Draw blood to measure concentration

ABE (equine trivalent antitoxin)

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of organophosphate toxicity

A

SLUD

Salivation, Lacrimation, urination, defecation

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20
Q

What is the treatment for organophosphates?

A

Atropine** specific for OP’s

Lavage/emesis

2-PAM to reactive AChE

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21
Q

How do organochlorines (DDT, dieldrin) cause toxicity?

A

Inactivation of the sodium channel

22
Q

What kind of toxin has well documented bioaccumulation/biomagnificataion?

A

Organochlorine pesticides (DDT, dieldrin)

23
Q

What are the symptoms of organochlorines (DDT, dieldrin)

A

Tremors, convulsions (remember it inactivated sodium channels)

Cancer, lymphoma, Parkinson’s for chronic exposure

24
Q

What is the treatment for organochlorine pesticides (DDT, dieldrin)

A

None

25
Q

How does TCDD (chlorophenoxy compound) cause toxicity?

A

Agonist for aryl hydrocarbon and induces gene expression

26
Q

How do we find TCDD?

A

We go to Lowe’s to buy an herbicide(2,4-d) and it ends up being contaminated with TCDD

27
Q

How does paraquat harm us

A

Oxidative stress

28
Q

What are the symptoms of paraquat toxicity?

A

Hematemesis, ocular toxicity (RED EYES),

Pulmonary edema, Parkinson’s

29
Q

How do you treat paraquat?

A

Lavage, cathartic, charcoal, nothing really specific

30
Q

What toxin is used in fire extinguishers and dry cleaning?

A

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)/chloroform

31
Q

How do halogenated hydrocarbons like CCl4 harm you?

A

Metabolized by CYP450s to free radicals that then cause apoptosis

32
Q

What are the symptoms of halogenated hydrocarbons (CCl4) toxicity?

A

CNS depression
Liver and kidney damage
Cancer
Cardiac arrrythmias

33
Q

How do you treat CCl4/ halogenated hydrocarbon toxicity/

A

Remove contaminated clothing (fire extinguishers spray this)

34
Q

How do mineral acids/corrosives hurt you?

A

Oxidative stress
Bleeding in GI tract
Hypovolemic sjhock from bleeding

35
Q

How do you treat mineral acid/corrosives exposure

A

NO lavage or emesis
Milk of magnesia
Dilution

36
Q

How does arsenic hurt you?

A

Binds to SH groups on metabolic enzymes

Oxidative stress

Alter gene expression

37
Q

Who absorbs lead the most?

A

Children, who also have immature BBB

38
Q

What exposure is associated with symptoms like wrist drop and ankle drop?

A

Lead

39
Q

What is the chelator specific to lead poisoning?

A

Edetate calcium disodium

Forms organic lead which crosses BBB, but is still less harmful than inorganic lead

40
Q

How does iron poisoning cause injury?

A

Oxidative stress

41
Q

How do you treat iron poisoning?

A

Deferoxamine

Lavage (within 1st hour)

42
Q

What kind of poisoning causes a dark line on the gums and erythrocyte stippling?

A

Lead

43
Q

What are Kayser-Fleischer rings and what are they associated with?

A

copper deposits on the cornea, copper poisoning

44
Q

What is Wilson’s disease

A

Genetic disorder in which body can’t eliminate copper

45
Q

How do you remove excess copper form the body?

A

Penacillamine

46
Q

What toxin turns blood cherry red?

A

CO

Converts hemoglobin into carboxyhemoglobin

47
Q

What toxin gas smells like almonds

A

Cyanide

48
Q

What toxin affects cytochrome -oxidase in the mitochondria? Affects energy production

A

Cyanide

49
Q

What is the treatment for cyanide?

A

RAPID administration of nitrites, sodium thiosulfate, and rhodanese

50
Q

We treat cyanide with sodium thiosulfate that adds a sulfate group onto cyanide. What tupe of reaction is this?

A

Phase II. Makes it easier to eliminate

51
Q

What is rhodanese

A

It’s an enzyme we all have in our mitochondria that converts cyanide into thiocyanide (adds sulfate- Phase II)

Pharmacology Exam 1 (Lauren) (7 decks)

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