L7 - Reading and Spelling Development Flashcards
What is reading, writing and spelling?
Secondary language skills
Build on speaking and listening
Need instruction and oral language skills
Only discovered 600 years ago so no biological preadaptation for reading and writing
What does reading rely on?
Vocabulary
Phonological skill
Reading skill
Reading comprehension
How are reading and comprehension linked?
Reading comprehension and accuracy positively correlate in early reading acquisition
Reading gives resources to comprehension including - vocabulary breadth and depth, morphology, syntax
What are the processes in early reading?
Word reading = word recognition and decoding
Word reading = recognition, decoding and vocab for meaning
Reading = decoding x comprehension
How do we read?
Recognise letters
Decode sounds
Analogise to known words
Predict words from grapho-phonemic context
Memory and semantic context
Chunking together words we know
Some words do not sound/spell like what we expect them to sound/spell like
What is phonological awareness?
Awareness of the sounds in words
What is the first sounds?
Is there an ‘n’ sound?
What is writing?
Visual communication
Mapping symbols to language units
Limited number of symbols
- ambiguities
- limits features represented
What are the effects of practice on spelling?
Those who practice spelling will do better at reading and writing (Conrad 2008)
What is the dual route cascaded reading model?
Look at the word and extract visual features
Mental dictionary
Routes:
- lexical semantic
- lexical non-semantic
- grapheme-phoneme conversion
Early readers use letter units and set up GPC
Different routes can get the same outcome
Coltheart et al 2001
What is dyslexia associated with the dual route cascade model?
Surface dyslexia - difficulty reading irregular words e.g. yacht
Phonological dyslexia - difficulties in reading non-words due to difficulty manipulating parts of sounds and words
What are the critiques of the dual route cascade model?
It is unclear how the different routes are mastered
When are they mastered?
Where does the GP convertor come from
What is Frith 1985 Stage Model of reading?
Logographic - Alphabetic - Orthographic
Steps and developmental
What is the 6 step model of Firth Stage model ?
Logographic 1 - Symbolic
Logographic 2 - Logographic 2
Logographic 3 - Alphabetic 1
Alphabetic 2 - Alphabetic 2
Orthographic 1 - Alphabetic 3
Orthographic 2 - Orthographic 2
What is the discussion of Firth stage model ?
More fully specified
Developmental approach
Support for reading spelling inked stages
Orthographic understanding may build from start of acquisition
Fails to explain how changes occur
What is the Ehri 1995 Phase model for reading ?
Pre-alphabetic (preschool) - decoding visual cues, sight word reading, no letter sound relation
Partial alphabetic (early primary) - phonetic cue reading, basic grapheme-phoneme connections, alphabetic knowledge
Full alphabetic (primary 1) - full grapheme-phoneme connections, decode by analogy to sight words, start to predict words from sounds
Consolidated alphabetic (primary 2) - grapheme-phoneme decoding, memory of patterns, consolidate similar letter sequences
