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Small Animal Pathology (Spring 2016) > L7: Pathology Of The Resp. System (Abbott) > Flashcards

L7: Pathology Of The Resp. System (Abbott) Flashcards

1
Q

Mucociliary escalator

A
  • made up of ciliated epithelium + goblet cells
  • traps and removes foreign particles
  • target of most viruses
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2
Q

URT Anomalies

A
  • Cysts
  • Ciliary dyskinesia (immotile cilia syndrome) –> chronic recurrent pneumonia, infertility
  • Brachycephalic airway syndrome
  • Tracheal collapse
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3
Q

Brachycephalic syndrome components**

A
  • stenotic nares
  • elongated soft palate
  • everted laryngeal saccules
  • hypoplastic trachea

-can –> laryngeal edema

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4
Q

Metabolic problems of URT

A
  • calcification/metastatic mineralization –> gritty texture, raised firm plaques/streaks
  • due to hypervit. D, renal failure, hypercalcemia of malignancy
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5
Q

Chars. Of Primary nasal tumors

A
  • epithelial and mesenchymal
  • dolicocephalic breeds
  • usually benign
  • CS and pathology similar to infectious rhinitis** (epistaxis, nasal d/c)
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6
Q

Ddx of primary nasal tumor

A

Infectious rhinitis**
FB
Fungal granuloma

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7
Q

Non-neoplastic masses of the URT**

A
  • Polyps in the nasopharynx and eustachian tubes(cats)**
  • CS: nasal d/c, sneeze, gag, phonation change
  • may result from inner ear inflammation
  • firm pedunculated nodules
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8
Q

Metastatic neoplasms of the URT

A
  • LSA (cats)
  • OSA
  • Melanoma
  • etc.
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9
Q

Describe nasal aspergillosis

A

White to tan, destroys architecture, locally infiltrative

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10
Q

Describe nasal adenocarcinoma

A

White to tan, irregular, infiltrative

Ddx: cancer, fungus

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11
Q

Describe nasal fibrosarcoma

A
  • white/tan, homogenous, spongy, expansile, destroys bone

- football shape

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12
Q

Describe chondrosarcoma in URT

A

Red to pink, mottled, multinodular, gelatinous

Ddx: cryptococcus (would be more friable and irregular)

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13
Q

Viral URD in cats

A

-80% of cases = FHV or FCV
-FHV:
oral ulcers RARE*
Usually only URT involved
Infects epithelial cells of the resp. Tract
-FCV:
Less severe URT signs
Oral and nasal ulcerations common*
More commonly causes necrotizing bronchiolitis and bronchointerstitial pneumonia
More virulent strain causing disseminate hepatocellular necrosis and mild inflammatory infiltration
Pneumonia more common
-Chlamydophila causes major conjunctivitis

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14
Q

CIRD causes

A 
Parainfluenza virus
Adenovirus 
Bordetella
Mycoplasma
Etc.
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15
Q

Canine parainfluenza virus chars.

A
  • causes minimal rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, interstitial pneumonia
  • replicates in resp. Epithelial cells and macs
  • concurrent infection w/ distemper, adenovirus
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16
Q

Chars. Of Canine Adenovirus

A
  • replicates in bronchiolar epithelium**

- produces a severe necrotizing and proliferative bronchitis and bronchiolitis**

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17
Q

Describe nasal aspergillosis

A
  • necrotic center
  • bone destruction
  • friable
  • tan to green/gray
  • caseous
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18
Q

Common pathogenesis for most resp. Viruses***

A
  • disrupt defense mechanism (infection epi cells and macs)
  • loss of ciliated cells, epithelial lining, decreased mucous layer
  • alter Ag presentation and cytokine release of macs

—> increased susceptibility to secondary infection***

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19
Q

Fungal URT pathogens

A

Rhinosporidium
Cryptococcus
Penicillium
Aspergillus

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20
Q

Describe rhinosporidiosis

A
  • multinodular, red

- Df: adenocarcinoma, SCC, hemangiosarcoma

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21
Q

Key feature of oslerus osleri

A

Nodules at bifurcation of the trachea

CS: dry chronic cough

22
Q

3 lung systems

A
  • Conductive
  • Transitional
  • Exchange
23
Q

Causes of mineralization of the lung

A

Chronic hypercalcemia due to uremia or hypervitaminosis D

24
Q

Describe endogenous lipid pneumonia

A

Tan, expansive, greasy, friable

Cause: trauma or free radicals cause cascading effect of cell necrosis and lipid release from cell membranes

25
Q

Aspiration of hairball medication –>

A

EXOGENOUS lipid pneumonia

26
Q

Primary epithelial neoplasms of the lung

A
  • rare, but almost always malignant
  • older animals
  • can met to LN, airways, exfoliative carcinomatosis
  • Bronchogenic carcinoma (most common in dogs)
  • Bronchiolar carcinoma
  • Alveolar carcinoma
  • Multipotent: Bronchioalveolar carcinoma
  • Bronchiolar gland: Adenocarcinoma (most common in cats)
27
Q

Describe primary epithelial neoplasms

A

Single large nodule, white/tan/gray, smooth to umbilicated, invasive and expansive

28
Q

Primary MESENCHYMAL tumors of the lung

A

OSA
Chondrosarcoma
Granular cell tumor
Undifferentiated sarcoma

29
Q

Metastatic neoplasms of the lung

A

OSA
HSA
Mammary gland carcinoma
Blood borne mets

30
Q

Pulmonary carcinoma can met to the digits in cats

A

Primary complaint = lameness, without respiratory signs**

31
Q

Describe HSA mets in lung

A

Multifocal raised nodules, red to dark red, bleed if cut

32
Q

Feline Asthma

A
  • Type I hypersensitivity –> Recurrent episodes of bronchoconstriction, edema and inc. mucous production
  • CS: periodic cough, dyspnea
  • idiopathic
  • lower airway dz
33
Q

Causes of viral pneumonia in dogs

A 
Distemper
Parainfluenza
CAV-2
CHV-1
Influenza
34
Q

Pathogenesis of Canine Distemper***

A

1) oronasal route of infection
2) replicates in lymphoid tissues/tonsils and alveolar macs
3) migrates to lungs hematogenously and causes DIFFUSE INTERSTITAL PNEUMONIA**
5) affects resp/aimentary/urogenital tract –> CS –> subacute encephalitis –> death or recovery

  • synergistic concurrent infection w/ CPiV, CAV2, Bordetella
  • affects URT and LRT
35
Q

URT lesions of distemper

A 
Rhinitis (mucopurulent and erosive)
Conjunctivitis
Pharyngitis
Tracheitis
Bronchitis
36
Q

LRT lesions of distemper

A

Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Bronchointerstitial pneumonia (+/- 2ary bacterial pneumonia)

37
Q

Non-respiratory lesions of distemper**

A 
Gastroenteritis
Lymphoid atrophy**
Dermatitis, Hyperkeratosis
Conjunctivitis, Retinitis
Cystitis, urethritis
Encephalomyelitis**
Ameloblast necrosis, enamel hypoplasia
38
Q

Dx of distemper

A
  • necropsy
  • histo
  • Ag detection in lung, stomach, urinary bladder**
39
Q

Bronchopneumonia MOA***

A

Found in cranial lung lobes as it follows path of least resistance once mucocilliary escalator gone. Causes local lesions

Route of exposure: aspiration or inhalation

40
Q

Chars. Of CHV-1**

A
  • generalized dz**
  • multifocal hemorrhage and necrosis**
  • rhinotracheitis in older dogs
  • 2ary bronchopneumonia
41
Q

Bacterial pneumonia

A
  • usually BRONCHOPNEUMONIA (cranioventral, inhalation, suppurative, granulomatous)
  • can be EMBOLIC to INTERSTITIAL (diffuse, multifocal)
42
Q

CHars. Of INTERSTITAL pneumonia***

A

Diffuse
Non-collapsing lungs
Hematogenous spread (most likely)

43
Q

Causes of bacterial pneumonia

A

Bordetella
Mycobacterium
Mycoplasma
Strep, etc.

44
Q

Chars. Of mycotic pneumonia

A 
Multifocal
Granulomatous
Inhaled or hematogenous spread
Tracheobronchial LN enlarged
Nodular to multinodular
Tan
Caseous
Mottled

Blasto, Histo, Coccidiodes, Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus

45
Q

Mycetoma

A

A mycotic lesion that looks like a tumor

46
Q

Parasitic pneumonia

A

1) Heartworm –> endarteritis, possibly hypersensitivity, lung infarcts
- can cause granulomatous pneumonia

2) Filaroides hirthi (dogs)
- lung worms IN bronchioles and alveoli
- eosinophilic nodules

3) Toxoplasma –> interstitial pneumonia via hematogenous
4) Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (cat) –> multifocal subpleural granulomas, snail IH
5) Paragonimus kellicotti –> multiple large cysts, pneumothorax, dyspnea, PTE, crayfish IH for flukes

47
Q

Toxic pneumonia causes

A

1) Paraquat
- activated by pulmonary enzymes
- causes necrosis of alveolar cells, diffuse interstitial fibrosis with hematogenous spread, diffuse lung enlargement

2) uremia
3) antineoplastic human drugs

48
Q

Ruptured lymph vessel –> chylothorax

A

:)

49
Q

Nocardia, Actinomyces, Bacteroides –> pyothorax, sulfur granules

A

:)

50
Q

Fxs of Upper Resp. System**

A
  • filtering of inhaled debris
  • warming of air
  • removal of inhaled particles (mucociliary escalator)

Small Animal Pathology (Spring 2016) (3 decks)

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