Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory medicine > L7 - Paediatric Asthma > Flashcards

L7 - Paediatric Asthma Flashcards

1
Q

Asthma clinical characteristics

A

Characterised by recurrent episodes of wheeze, cough and breathlessness.

Inflammation of airways.
Bronchial hyper-reactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Risk of asthma will increase if…

A
  1. Positive family history of asthma and atopy
  2. Maternal smoking in pregnancy
  3. Early sensitisation to air borne allergens.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Atopy

A

Genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases such as:

  • allergic rhinitis
  • asthma
  • atopic dermatitis (eczema)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How may you test for asthma?

A

Test Peak Flow

- repeat after administration of short acting beta 2 agonist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an example of a first line preventative treatment for asthma?

A

Inhaled corticosteroid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Advantage of using an inhaler with a spacer

A
  • Delivery of drug to lungs is optimised.

- Children must be shown how to use inhaler and have their technique checked.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Adverse environmental factors leading to asthma

A
  1. Contine levels (exposure of nicotine in tobacco)
  2. Exposure to household mould
  3. Allergy to pets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Co-morbidities associated with asthma

A
  • Obesity
  • rhinosinusitis (inflammation of sinuses and nasal cavity)
  • food allergy
  • Dysfunctional breathing
  • exercise induced laryngeal obstruction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Signs of an asthma attack (6)

A
  1. Difficulty talking . walking
  2. Unable to feed
  3. Little relief with salbutamol
  4. Drop in peak flow
  5. Hard and fast breathing
  6. Coughing and wheezing a lot.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe an example of a personal action plan of a patient during an asthma attack

A
  1. 10 puffs of salbutamol

2. If symptoms persist then call ambulance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Episodic viral wheeze could be due to…

A
  • Exercise
  • Viral cold
  • Exposure to allergens
  • Cold air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sarcoidosis

A
  • Multi-system inflammatory disorder

- which most commonly involves the mediastinal lymph nodes and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is pulmonary langerhan cell histocytosis?

A
  • Proliferation of Langerhan cells

- Occurs in response to cigarette smoke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Alveolar lipoproteinosis

A

Rare

Characterised by accumulation of eosinophillic material within alveoli.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe different types of lung tumour

A

Can either be:
1- Primary (most common, majority related to cigarette smoking)
2- Secondary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Common sites of metastases in lung cancer

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Pleura
  • Adrenal glands
  • Bone
  • Brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Risk factors of lung cancer

A
  • Cigarette smoking
  • asbestos exposure
  • uranium mining
  • radon gas
  • pulmonary fibrosis
18
Q

Describe squamous cell carcinoma

A

Tumour usually central in location.
Frequency cavitate.
Recognised by presence of keratin.

19
Q

Cavitation

A

Phenomenon where rapid changes in pressure in liquid lead to formation of small vapor filled cavities.

20
Q

Describe an adenocarcinoma

what gives evidence towards an adenocarcinoma?

A

May be central or peripheral

Acinar or papillary glandular growth pattern.

Evidence of mucin production by cell.

21
Q

Describe a large cell undifferentiated carcinoma?

A

These tumours are poorly differentiated.

Show no evidence of squamous or glandular differentiation

22
Q

Small cell lung carcinomas arise in…

A

Central bronchus

23
Q

Contrast Asthma with COPD

A

Reversibility of airway obstruction in asthma contrasts with COPD.

In COPD - obstruction is either not reversible or only partly reversible at best with a bronchodilator

24
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of asthma

A
  • Asthmatic’s have activated T cell with T-helper TH2 cells.
  • TH2 cytokine released will attract other inflammatory granulocytes (eosinophils, Interleukin 5, granulocyte-macrophage colony)
  • stimulating factor which causes esinophils to produce cysteinyl leukotrienes.
  • Release granule protein that damages epithelium
25
Q

IgE on mast cells will trigger…

A
  • Degranulation.
  • Release of histamine and Leukotriene B4.
  • Both are powerful bronchoconstrictors
26
Q

Define asthma

A

Recurrent reversible airway osbtruction with attack of wheeze, shortness of breath and often a noctural cough, severe attacks cause hypoxaemia and are life-threatening.

27
Q

Activation of TH2 lymphocyte and cytokine generation will promote…

A
  1. Differentiation and activation of eosinophil
  2. IgE production and release
  3. Expression of IgE receptor on mast cell and eosinophil
28
Q

Anti-asthmatic drugs

A

Bronchodilators

Anti-inflammatory agents

29
Q

Growth factors released from inflammatory cells will…

A
  1. Act on smooth muscle cells
  2. Causing hypertrophy
  3. Smooth muscle can itself release pro-inflammatory mediators and growth factors
30
Q

Treatment for very mild asthma

A
  1. short acting bronchodilator - usually an inhaled short acting Beta 2 agonist such as salbutamol or terbutaline
31
Q

Why are corticosteroids the mainstay of drugs in asthma?

A

Only asthma drugs that potentially inhibit T-cell activation.
Helps reduce the inflammatory response

32
Q

Role of B-Adrenoreceptor agonists

A
  1. Dilate bronchi, direct action of B2 adrenoreceptors of smooth muscle
  2. Inhibit mediator release from mast cells
  3. Inhibit TNF-a from monocyte
  4. Increase mucus clearance action by cilia
33
Q

How may Beta 2 agonist be administerd?

A

Aersol
Powder
Nebulised solution

34
Q

Short term relief from asthma

A

Salbutamol, terbutaline

  • Inhalation
  • duration of action 3-5hrs
  • peaks in 1st 30mins
35
Q

Long term relief from asthma

A

Salmeterol and Formoterol
Inhaled.
Duration 8-12hrs

36
Q

Examples of muscarinic receptor antagonists

A

Ipratropium

Bronchodilator

37
Q

Role of glucocorticosteroids

A
  • Anti-inflammatory
  • restrain clonal proliferation of THelper cells by reducing the transcription factor for gene IL-2
  • inhibit generation of vasodilator PGE2, PGI2
38
Q

Describe muscarinic agonists

A

e.g. ACH
Can cause:
- bradycardia, vasodilation leading to a fall in BP, contraction in visceral smooth muscle (gut, bladder and bronchi). exocrine secretions, pupillary constriction

39
Q

Describe muscarinic antagonists

A
  • Atropin, tiotropium
    Can cause:
  • inhibition of secretions, tachcardia, relaxation of smooth muscle, inhibition of gastric acid secretion.
40
Q

Describe methylxanthines

A

Cause

  • mild diuresis
  • stimulation of cardiac muscle
  • relaxation of smooth muscle (broncial)
  • bronchdilator!
41
Q

What will cause the synthesis of glucocorticoids?

A

Influence of ACTH secreted from AP will cause synthesis of glucocorticoids.

Respiratory medicine (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions