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1l. Respiratory System > L63: Respiration Mechanics > Flashcards

L63: Respiration Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What is tissue respiration?

A

The aerobic metabolism in cells

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2
Q

What is breathing?

A

Gas exchange and the associated processes

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3
Q

What is the partial pressure of O2 at rest?

A

100 ± 2mmHg

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4
Q

What is the partial pressure of CO2 at rest?

A

40 ± 2mmHg

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5
Q

What are the gas exchange rates at rest?

A

~250mL/min O2, 200mL/min CO2

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6
Q

What are the gas exchange rates at 3mph walking?

A

~800mL/min O2, 750mL/min CO2

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7
Q

What are the gas exchange rates during severe exercise?

A

~5000mL/min O2, 6000mL/min CO2

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8
Q

What are the primary functions of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Filter;
  • Warm;
  • Humidify air;
  • Detect smells.
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9
Q

What is the primary function of the pharynx?

A

Conduct air to the larynx

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10
Q

What are the primary functions of the larynx?

A
  • Protects the opening of the trachea;

- Contains vocal cords.

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11
Q

What are the primary functions of the trachea?

A
  • Filters air;
  • Traps particles in mucus;
  • Cartilage to keep airway open.
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12
Q

What are the primary functions of the bronchi?

A
  • Filter air;
  • Trap particles in mucus;
  • Cartilage to keep airway open.
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13
Q

What are the primary functions of the lungs?

A

Responsible for air movement through volume changes during movements of ribs and diaphragm

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14
Q

What are the primary functions of the alveoli?

A

Sites of gas exchange between air and blood

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15
Q

What do the upper airways comprise of?

A
  • Nasal cavities;
  • Paranasal sinuses;
  • Pharynx;
  • Larynx;
  • Trachea.
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16
Q

What is the overall role of the upper airways?

A

Humidify, filter and warm air through conduction TO the lungs,

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17
Q

What type of epithelium lines the upper airways?

A

Pseudo-stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium

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18
Q

How does the production of mucus help to filter air in the airways?

A

Particles stick to the mucus and the mucus moves towards the mouth by beating cilia

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19
Q

What is the rate of ventilation at rest?

A

~6L/min (12x0.5L breaths)

20
Q

What is the maximum rate of ventilation?

A

~160L/min (40x4L breaths)

21
Q

What is C.O. at rest?

A

5L/min (70x70mL beats)

22
Q

What is max C.O.?

A

25L/min (200x125mL beats)

23
Q

During quiet breathing, inspiration is…

A

active

24
Q

When you inspire, the diaphragm…

A

contracts and is pushed downwards

25
Q

When you inspire, the intercostals…

A

pull ribs upwards and outwards

26
Q

During quiet breathing, expiration is…

A

passive

27
Q

When you expire, the diaphragm…

A

recoils into the original position

28
Q

At rest, pressure inside and outside of the lungs is…

A

equal

29
Q

When you inspire, pressure outside of the lungs is…

A

greater than inside of the lungs. Therefore, air moves IN.

30
Q

After inspiration, pressure inside of the lungs is…

A

greater than outside of the lungs. Therefore, air then moves OUT (expiration).

31
Q

Air moves from X pressure to Y pressure:

A

X: High, Y: Low

32
Q

During strenuous breathing, inspiration is…

A

active

33
Q

On strenuous inspiration…

A
  • Greater contraction of the diaphragm;
  • Greater contraction of the external intercostals (pull up);
  • Accessory muscles are activated e.g. sternocleidomastoid
34
Q

During strenuous breathing, expiration is…

A

active

35
Q

On strenuous expiration

A
  • Abdominal muscles are activated inc. internal and external oblique;
  • Internal intercostal muscles (push down).
36
Q

What type of breathing is most efficient and why?

A

Quiet:

  • Small muscle effort;
37
Q

What type of breathing is less efficient and why?

A

Strenuous:

  • More muscles used;
  • Accessory muscles can fatigue easily;
  • Turbulent gas flow
38
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

The volume of air left in the lung at the end of expiration, during quiet breathing

39
Q

How is FRC reached?

A
  • Elastic recoil forces of the lung act to decrease lung volume;
  • Outward recoil forces of the chest walls act to increase lung volume;
  • @ FRC these are equal;
  • Muscles are relaxed.
40
Q

At the beginning of inspiration, recoil forces are…

A

disturbed and become unbalanced

41
Q

FRC can be affected (reduced) by…

A

neuromuscular diseases

42
Q

When measuring lung volumes, the 4 major results are:

A
  • Forced vital capacity (FVC);
  • Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1);
  • Ratio of the above (FEV1/FVC);
  • Average midmaximal expiratory flow (FEF25-75).
43
Q

In a healthy individual, FEV1/FVC is:

A

> 70% (more than 70% of lung volume is expired in 1 second)

44
Q

In patients with obstructive pulmonary disease, FEV1/FVC is:

A

<70%

45
Q

In patients with restrictive pulmonary disease, FEV1/FVC is:

A

> 70%, because lung volume (FVC) is significantly (~80%) smaller

1l. Respiratory System (8 decks)

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