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Life Science 3 > L6: RNA Structure > Flashcards

L6: RNA Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Flow of biological infomation

A

DNA –(transcription)–> RNA –(translation)–> Protein

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2
Q

Polymer of AA nucleotide sequence of genes determine _____ _____

A

protein sequence

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3
Q

Protein sequence determines _____ _____ and _____

A

protein structure, function

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4
Q

Building blocks of RNA and DNA

A
  • Nucleoside: pentose + base
    • Pyrimidine type (one ring)
      C (cytidine)
      T (thymidine)
      U (uridine)
    • Purine (two-ring)
      A (adenosine)
      G (guanosine)
  • Nucleotide: nucleoside + phosphate
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5
Q

Pentose in RNA

A

Ribose

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6
Q

Pentose in DNA

A

2-Deoxyribose

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7
Q

Bases in RNA

A
  • Purine
    • A (adenine)
    • G (guanine)
  • Pyrimidines
    • U (uracil)
    • C (cytosine)
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8
Q

Bases in DNA

A
  • Purine
    • A (adenine)
    • G (guanine)
  • Pyrimidines
    • T (thymine)
    • C (cytosine)
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9
Q

Condensation reaction

A
  • H20 removed to form the phosphodiester bond
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10
Q

RNA

A
  • single strand polynucleotide
  • composed of 4 ribonucleotides
    • A, C, G, U
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11
Q

ssDNA is stable in _____ solution, but RNA is not

A

Alkaline

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12
Q

Why is ssDNA stable in alkaline solution but not RNA?

A

The 2’-OH group makes RNA unstable in alkaline conditions, because it can attack the phosphodiester bonds of the RNA chain and break RNA into small pieces of nucleotide monomers

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13
Q

DNA vs. RNA: sugar

A

DNA: Deoxyribose (2’-H)
RNA: Ribose (2’-CH)

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14
Q

DNA vs. RNA: base

A

DNA: A, C, G, T
RNA: A, C, G, U

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15
Q

DNA vs. RNA: structure

A

DNA: double strand
RNA: single strand

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16
Q

DNA vs. RNA: size

A

DNA: large (kb-Mb)
RNA: small (bp-kb)

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17
Q

DNA vs. RNA: stability in alkaline

A

DNA: stable
- dsDNA denatured at high pH but is not hydrolyzed
RNA: unstable
- hydrolyzed to nucleotides

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18
Q

A single strand RNA molecules can form short stretches of double strands when there are enough intra-molecule _____ _____

A

base pairing

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19
Q

Base pairing:

 - G=C --> forms \_\_\_\_\_ H bonds
 - U=A --> forms \_\_\_\_\_ H bonds
A

3, 2

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20
Q

RNA secondary structure

A
  • Are stem-loops and hairpins

- Formed through intra-molecule complementary base pairing

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21
Q

RNA tertiary structure

A
  • 3D sructures (i.e. pseudoknotes found in t/rRNA)

- formed by folding stem-loops and hairpins

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22
Q

Major types of RNA in the cell

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. rRNA
  4. others:
    • hnRNA
    • snRNA
    • miRNA
    • siRNA
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23
Q

mRNA

A
  • message RNA
  • used as template for protein translation
  • linear structure
  • (eukaryotic) contains sequences encoding a specific polypeptide
  • contains noncoding regions at 3’ and 5’ ends, which help translation
  • mainly in cytosol, where translation occurs
  • (eukaryotic) has special modifications that are 5’ cap and 3’ polyA, neither modifications are found in prokaryotic or other eukaryotic RNAs
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24
Q

message RNA

A

mRNA

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25
RNA used as template for protein translation
mRNA
26
RNA with linear structure
mRNA
27
RNA in (eukaryotic) that contains sequences encoding a specific polypeptide
mRNA
28
RNA that contains noncoding regions at 3' and 5' ends, which help translation
mRNA
29
RNA found mainly in cytosol, where translation occurs
mRNA
30
RNA in (eukaryotic) that has special modifications that are 5' cap and 3' polyA, neither modifications are found in prokaryotic or other eukaryotic RNAs
mRNA
31
tRNA
- transfer RNA - used to bring AA for translation reaction - has a unique clover-leaf like structure - each has a primary, secondary, and tertiary structure
32
transfer RNA
tRNA
33
RNA used to bring AA for translation reaction
tRNA
34
RNA that has a unique clover-leaf like structure
tRNA
35
Each of its RNA has a primary, secondary, and tertiary structure
tRNA
36
rRNA
- ribosomal RNA - always associate with proteins from ribosomes - Ribosomes: protein synthesis apparatus
37
ribosomal RNA
rRNA
38
RNA that always associate with proteins from ribosomes
rRNA
39
Protein synthesis apparatus
Ribosomes
40
hnRNa
- heterogenous nuclear RNA | - stability, processing
41
snRNA
- small nuclear RNA | - processing
42
miRNA
- micro RNA - regulation - regulators of endogenous genes
43
siRNA
- small inferring RNA - regulation - defenders of genome integrity in response to foreign or invasive nucleic acids (viruses, tranposons, and transgenes)
44
hnRNP
- heterogenous ribonucleoprotein particle - (hnRNA + proteins) - function: - stabilization of ssRNA - RNA processing - RNA transportation
45
RNA interface (RNAi)
- protects against RNA virus infections - secures genome stability by keeping mobile elements silent - triggered by dsRNA helices that have been introduced exogenously into cells as small interfering siRNAs or that have been produced endogenously from small non-coding RNAs (miRNA) - miRNA: regulators of endogenous genes - siRNA: defenders of genome integrity in response to foreign or invasive nucleic acids (viruses, tranposons, and transgenes) - functions: - regulation of gene expression - defense of viral infection - standard experimental tool - can be used as a therapeutic strategy
46
All cellular RNAs are made by _____
Transcription
47
Transcription
- DNA dependent RNA synthesis process - catalyzed by the RNA polymerase - only one of the two strands of DNA are copied into RNA for a given gene - sequence of nucleotides in the NDA determines the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA, which determines the sequence of AA in the protein
48
DNA dependent RNA synthesis process | - catalyzed by the RNA polymerase
Transcription
49
_____ of the two strands of DNA are copied into RNA for a given gene
One
50
_____ _____ _____ in the NDA determines the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA, which determines the sequence of AA in the protein
Sequence of nucleotides
51
Sequence of nucleotides in the NDA determines the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA, which determines the sequence of _____ _____ in the protein
Amino Acids
52
Isotopes
Atoms that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
53
Atoms that contain the same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Isotopes
54
Isotopes that can decay and emit electromagnetic radiation
Radioisotopes
55
Radioisotopes
- Isotopes that can decay and emit electromagnetic radiation - widely used in molecular bio studies because: - they are physically distinguishable but chemically identical from each other - presence of various particles emitted during decay of a radioisotope can be detected by: - Geiger counter (monitor) - exposure to X-ray fim (autoradiography)
56
Radioisotopes are physically _____ but chemically _____ from each other
distinguishable, identical
57
Presence of various particles emitted during decay of a radioisotope can be detected by:
- Geigner counter (monitor) | - exposure to X-ray film (autoradiography)
58
Pulse-Chase Experiments
- Pulse: short exposure to labeled precursors (RNA, DNA, protein) - synthesis of DNA, RNA, or protein involves the polymerization of precursor molecules (nucleotides or AA) - if precursors are radioactively labeled and supplied to cells in a cultured media, then he cells will transport them into the cell and use them to synthesize the macromolecule - if cells are examined immediately for he location of the radioactivity, the site of synthesis can be determined
59
Position of macromolecules in cell are _____ and _____ while AA are _____ _____
fixed, free, washed away
60
_____ detects location of a labeled protein
Autodiogram
61
X-ray film is _____ when radioactive emissions are detected
dark
62
The Chase experiment
- wash or dilute out label and allow the cell to continue growing for a period - during this period, no new incorporation of radioactive precursor in macromolecule occurs, however, macromolecules may move around in the cell (determines the final location of macromolecule)
63
Pulse-Chase: protein
35S-methionine
64
Pulse-Chase: RNA
3H-uracil
65
Pulse-Chase: DNA
3H-thymine
66
Pulse-Chase conclusion
- Protein: synthesized in cytoplasm and later may move to the nucleus - RNA: synthesized in nucleus and migrates to cytoplasm - DNA: synthesized in nucleus and remains there
67
Protein is synthesized in the _____ and later may move to the _____
cytoplasm | nucleus
68
RNA is synthesized in the _____ and migrates to the _____
nucleus | cytoplasm
69
DNA is synthesized in the _____ and remains in the _____
nucleus | nucleus
70
Central Dogma
- DNA --(transcription)--> RNA --(translation)--> protein - RNA --(reverse transcription)--> DNA - RNA --(RNA-directed RNA synthesis)--> RNA

Life Science 3 (9 decks)

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