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PSYBIO > L6: Neurotransmission: Drug abuse > Flashcards

L6: Neurotransmission: Drug abuse Flashcards

1
Q

How is addiction defined by Orford, 1985?

A
  • loss of control over a form of behaviour pleasurable to most people
  • an excessive appetite
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2
Q

What drug abuse did Gardner, 1964 struggle with?

A

Alcohol

- a separation of liking and wanting….

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3
Q

Which drug was used to keep soldiers awake for longer?

A

Philopon = methanphetamine

- resulted in somatosensory hallucinations - tics under the skin

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4
Q

Which neurotransmitter receptors do nicotine, the psychoactive component od tobacco, act on?

A
  • acetylcholine receptors
  • peripheral NS
  • CNS

2 broad acetylcholine receptors…

  1. Nicotine specific to nicotine
  2. Muscarinic - specific to an alkaloid muscarine
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5
Q

Which neurotransmitter receptors do alcohol act on?

A
  • GABA-A + GABA-B receptors

- opioid receptors

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6
Q

Which neurotransmitter receptors do opiates act on?

A
  • opioid receptor
    • V selective
    • help decrease sensation of pain
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7
Q

Which neurotransmitter receptors do MDMA (ectasy) act on?

A
  • serotonin 2A

- SSRI

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8
Q

Which neurotransmitter receptors do cocaine act on?

A
  • Dopamine transporter
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9
Q

Which neurotransmitter receptors do amphetamine act on?

A
  • dopamine –> releases them
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10
Q

Which neurotransmitter receptors do Barbiturates act on?

A
  • modulates GABA-A receptor
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11
Q

Which neurotransmitter receptors do cannabis act on?

A
  • Cannabinoid CB1 receptor
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12
Q

What does the place preference task show about receptors and addiction?

A
  1. Rats put into a box with two compartments they can go between
  2. One side = given morphine, other a non-active control
  3. transgenic mouse without opioid receptors fails to learn task
    - normal = greater preference for morphine room
    - middle = equal preference for the different rooms
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13
Q

What are some issues with the place preference task?

A
  • anatomies of humans and mice are different
  • missing receptor may be important for the development of mice = so not reflective of adult mice?
  • an adaptive response?
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14
Q

Give a run down on cocaine

A
  • once was in coca-cola
  • obtained from coca-shrub
  • local anaesthetic resembling lidocaine
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15
Q

How do lidocaine and cocaine act as anaestheitcs?

A
  • block voltage-gated sodium channels

= no AP can be produced so no pain is reaching the NS

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16
Q

Give a run down on amphetamine

A
  • first synthesised in 1887
  • psychoactive effects discovered 1920s
  • clinical use: ADHD, narcolepsy
  • widely used as a decongestant
  • -> Benzedrine inhaler
17
Q

What are cocaine and amphetamines effects on the dopamine neurotransmitter system?

A

Cocaine:
- Blocks dopamine transporters (DAT)

Amphetamine:

  • enhances dopamine release and reduces re-uptake
  • -> amphetamine is transported into the pre-synaptic terminal - displaces dopamine from vesicles leading to synaptic release

both increasing levels of dopamine at the synapse
- making it difficult to distinguish

18
Q

Describe the transmission of information in the dopamine neurotransmitter system

A
  1. depolarisation in pre-synaptic neuron = release dopamine
  2. Acts post-synaptically
  3. Taken back-up by the dopamine transporter (DAT)
  4. Then reincorporated into vesicles by the vesiclar monoamine transporter (VMAT)
19
Q

Name a few of the many psychoactive compounds in cannabis

A
  1. ∆9-Tetrahydrocannabidol (∆9-THC) - major psychoactive component
  2. Cannabidiol - quite different pharmacologcal properties
  3. Canabigerol - a precursor but with it’s own activity as well
20
Q

Which cannabionoid receptors are found where in the brain periphery?

A
  1. CB1 - mostly CNS
  2. CB2 - mostly peripheral
  3. TRPV1 - capsaicin (chilli) also acts here
21
Q

What are the endogenous neurotransmitters of cannabis?

A
  1. Anandaminde

2. 2-arachidonoglycerol (2-AG)

22
Q

Who is John Huffman?

A
  • synthesised a range of compounds
  • some with high affinity + efficacy
  • Rimonabant = fails appetite suppressant
23
Q

What are the properties of ∆9-THC?

A

Partial agonist:

  • high affinity
  • low efficacy
24
Q

What does affinity and efficacy mean?

A

affinity:
- How well the drug binds to its receptors

Efficacy:
- How well it does its job (effect)

25
Q

What is the difference between Full, partial agonist and antagonists?

A

Full agonist:
- produces maximal stimulation of the target at higher doses + high efficacy

Partial agonist:

  • produces smaller effect vs full, even at high higher doses
  • can compete w/ full, reducing its effect
  • moderate efficacy

Antagonist:

  • produces negligible effect (low efficacy), regardless of dose
  • by competition at receptors, reduces effect of partial + full agonists
26
Q

When a partial agonist or antagonist are administrated at the same time as a full agonist, how does it effect the full agonist?

A
  • reduction in effect
27
Q

What did Grant et al 1996 find when cocaine abusers were asked to rate craving for cocaine while observing images of either neutral or cocaine associated objects?

A
  1. cravings greatly increased while the ppt observed cocaine-associated cues
  2. Blood flow to the PFC + medial temporal cortex greatly increased
  3. increased activation in ventral striatum + other basal ganglia structures
    (PET - radioactive glucose metabolism)
28
Q

What did Bern 2004 find suggesting the meso-limbic dopamine system may also be activated by a wide variety of natural rewards - even those with a strong cognitive element?

A
  • imaging study
  • ‘funny’ cartoons evoked laughter
  • activation of =
    • motor areas
    • other cortical areas
    • central striatum (part of the mesolimbic dopamine system)
29
Q

What are the different way for treating drug addiction?

A
  1. substitue drug with one that has less rewarding properties
    - - heroin w/ methadone
  2. Block effects of a rewarding drug by treating w/ an antagonist/ partial agonist
  3. Naltrexone may also be useful in reducing heavy drinking
  4. Behavioural strategies?

PSYBIO (5 decks)

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