L6 / CH8 Flashcards
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What is “Nurture vs. Nature”? Please explain.
“Nurture vs. Nature” refers to the debate over whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) has a greater influence on behavior, but modern science recognizes that behavior results from a combination of both factors.
What are genetic predispositions for criminal behavior? Use an example of “warrior gene” (based on Lecture 6).
Genetic predispositions for criminal behavior suggest that certain genes may increase the likelihood of engaging in criminal acts. The “warrior gene” (MAOA-L) is an example, which has been linked to aggressive behavior, especially when combined with environmental stressors such as childhood abuse.
How do we use twin studies of criminal behavior? Why do we study MZ twins and DZ twins?
Twin studies compare the behavior of monozygotic (MZ) twins, who share 100% of their genes, with dizygotic (DZ) twins, who share 50% of their genes, to determine the influence of genetics versus environment on criminal behavior.
Describe adoption studies of criminal behavior.
Adoption studies investigate the similarities between adopted children and their biological versus adoptive parents. This helps isolate the effects of genetics from the environment, and distinguish between genetic and environmental influences on criminal behavior.
Is violence heritable or pure social phenomenon?
Violence appears to have both heritable and social components. While genetic factors can predispose individuals to aggressive behavior, environmental factors such as upbringing, social influences, and life experiences also play significant roles.
What is epigenetics of criminal behavior? Define term “epigenome”.
Epigenetics of criminal behavior involves changes in gene expression influenced by environmental factors; the epigenome consists of chemical compounds that regulate gene activity without altering the DNA sequence, and can impact behavior, including tendencies toward criminal activity.
How genetic predisposition for violence is related to brain chemistry and functionality of neurotransmitters (e.g., dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine)?
Genetic predispositions for violence can affect the regulation of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which influence mood, emotion, and aggression. Imbalances in these chemicals can contribute to aggressive and violent behaviors.
What is serotonin? How is it related to criminal behavior?
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that inhibits aggressive and impulsive behavior. Low levels of serotonin have been associated with increased aggression and impulsive behaviors, potentially leading to criminal activity.
What is dopamine? How is it related to criminal behavior?
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward; abnormal levels can increase the likelihood of seeking stimulation through potentially criminal activities.
What is monoamine oxidase (A and B)? How is connected MAOA-L with conduct disorder?
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes (A and B) are involved in breaking down neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. The MAOA-L variant, often referred to as the “warrior gene,” is associated with lower activity of MAOA and has been linked to higher levels of aggression and conduct disorders, especially in individuals exposed to early life stressors.
Describe briefly how “the warrior gene” may be on/off.
The “warrior gene” (MAOA-L) may be activated or deactivated by environmental factors such as childhood abuse, which can influence whether the genetic predisposition to aggression is expressed.
Describe the defense strategy based on ‘the warrior gene’ hypothesis (Based on BBC “Are You Good or Evil”.)
The defense strategy based on the “warrior gene” hypothesis argues that individuals with the MAOA-L variant should not be held fully accountable for their actions due to their genetic predisposition to aggression, suggesting a diminished capacity for control over their behavior.
Describe possible influence of Toxoplasmosis on criminal behavior.
Toxoplasmosis, a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, has been linked to changes in brain chemistry that may increase impulsivity and risk-taking behaviors, potentially leading to an increased likelihood of engaging in criminal activities.
Describe “Cinderella effect”.
The “Cinderella effect” refers to the higher incidence of abuse and harm experienced by stepchildren compared to biological children
Describe how car accidents and prefrontal cortex damage may increase aggressive behavior
Damage to the prefrontal cortex, often resulting from car accidents, can impair impulse control, decision-making, and emotional regulation, potentially leading to increased aggression and antisocial behavior.
