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MCS > L50: Nutrition > Flashcards

L50: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is RDA?

A

RDA is Recommended Dietary Allowance; also known as Dietary Reference Intake (RDI). An estimate of the amount of nutrient required to meet the needs of 97 - 98% of the U.S. population.

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2
Q

What is RDA influenced by?

A

Age, sex, pregnancy, lactation, injury and illness

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3
Q

What is the recommended dietary composition?

A

Protein: 12% of calories
Fat: 15 - 30%
Carbohydrates: 58 - 73%

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4
Q

What are the energy requirements for a 70 kg (154 lb) moderately active person?

A

About 2700 kcal

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5
Q

What are the energy requirements for a moderately active 50 kg *(110 lb) person?

A

About 2000 kcal

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6
Q

What is the thermic effect?

A

How much energy needs to be expended to digest food

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7
Q

What percent of the total caloric requirement does thermic effect of food associated w/ digestion account for?

A

5 - 10%

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8
Q

What is body mass index?

A

BMI = weight in kg/height in meters squared OR (weight in pounds x 705)/height in inches squared

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9
Q

What BMI is considered overweight? Obese?

A

Over 25 is overweight and over 30 is obese.

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10
Q

How much energy is provided by the macronutrients fat, proteins, carbohydrates, and alcohol (not actually a macronutrient)?

A

Energy provided by fat is 9 kcal/gram. For protein and carbohydrates, is 4 kcal/gram. For alcohol, is 7 kcal/gram.

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11
Q

What are the dietary essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acid and linolenic acid

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12
Q

What type of fatty acid resembles saturated fatty acids?

A

Trans unsaturated fatty acids, since it is still very linear and physically similar to a saturated fatty acid. A cis-double bound would put a kink in the molecules

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13
Q

A diet high in what kind of fatty acids leads to cardiovascular problems?

A

Saturated fatty acids

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14
Q

Is animal fat more or less saturated than plant lipids?

A

More. Animal fats also contain cholesterol.

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15
Q

What does partially hydrogenating oils do?

A

It raises the melting point by reducing some of the double bonds but also by converting some from the cis to the trans arrangement.

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16
Q

Are carbohydrates essential in the diet?

A

No, but they are beneficial.

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17
Q

What does most fiber consist of?

A

Polysaccharides that are not substrates for mammalian enzymes e.g. cellulose and pectin but not lignin

18
Q

Are proteins required in the diet?

A

Not as proteins, but diet must contain the dietary essential amino acids (PVT TIM HALL)

19
Q

What causes a negative nitrogen balance?

A

Omission of an essential amino acid from the diet

20
Q

What is the protein RDA for adults?

A

0.8g/kg body weight. Or 56 g for a 70 kg person (daily)

21
Q

When growing, are we in negative or positive nitrogen balance?

A

Positive nitrogen balance because more nitrogen is coming in than being excreted.

22
Q

Is the biological value greater for animal or plant proteins?

A

Greater for animal proteins. Except for gelatin which is derived from collagen and has a low value due to its limited amino acid composition.

23
Q

What kind of amino acid is wheat low in? What does it contain adequate amounts of?

A

Low in lysine. Contains adequate methionine.

24
Q

What kind of amino acid are beans low in? What do they contain adequate amounts of?

A

Low in methionine. Contains adequate lysine.

25
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Protein deficiency. Children are put on carbohydrate-rich, protein-poor diet. Total calories is fine but diet is deficient in protein. Swollen abdomen is characteristic due to edema.

26
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Condition where diet is both protein and calorie deficient. Don’t get edema, but kids are emaciated

27
Q

What is fiber?

A

Nondigestible polymers including lignin and several polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, pentosans and pectin)

28
Q

What are the benefits of dietary fiber?

A

Increases bowel motility. May bind toxins and decrease diverticulosis and colon cancer

29
Q

What is a negative effect of dietary fiber

A

May bind trace elements and decrease absorbance of fat-soluble vitamins

30
Q

What is the glycemic index?

A

Measures the relative effect on blood glucose levels compared w/ glucose which is given at a value of 100. Some nutritionists believe that foods w/ a high glycemic index should be avoided

31
Q

Do dietary supplements have to be proved safe or efficacious under the Dietary Supplement and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)

A

No

32
Q

What are some dietary supplements that dietary concerns have been raised about?

A

Aristolochia, yohimbre, chapparal, comgrey, germander, kava, and bitter orange

33
Q

What low calories materials are used as artificial sweeteners?

A

Saccharin (Sweet’ N Low), aspartame (NutraSweet) and neotame, sucralose (Splenda), acesulfame potassium, sorbitol

34
Q

Who should avoid aspartame?

A

Individuals w/ phenylketonuria

35
Q

What is sucralose?

A

An artificial sweetener that is a chlorinated sucrose molecule

36
Q

What number of calories will be provided by a meal that has 100 grams of carbohydrates, 40 grams of fat and 20 grams of protein?

A

840 calories

37
Q

According to dietary recommendations by the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund in 1997, how much vegetables and fruits should be eaten daily?

A

400 - 800g (15 - 30 ounces) or 5 or more servings

38
Q

According to dietary recommendations by the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund in 1997, how much cereals (grains), pulses (legumes), roots, tuber and plantains should be eaten daily?

A

600 - 800g (20 - 30 ounces) or more than 7 portions daily

39
Q

According to dietary recommendations by the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund in 1997, what are recommendations on alcohol consumption?

A

Not recommended. If at all, 2 drinks a day for men and 1 for women

40
Q

According to dietary recommendations by the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund in 1997, how much should totals fats and oils contribute to energy?

A

15% to no more than 30%

41
Q

According to dietary recommendations by the American Institute for Cancer Research and the World Cancer Research Fund in 1997, how much salt should be consumed daily?

A

Less than 6 grams/day (0.25 ounces)

MCS (7 decks)

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