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Theme 2: Sensory Inputs and Motor Outputs > L5 The Cerebellum and Motor Learning > Flashcards

L5 The Cerebellum and Motor Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Role of Cerebellum

A
  • Maintenance of balance and posture
  • Coordination of voluntary movements
  • Motor learning
  • Cognitive functions
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2
Q

Name the cerebellar peduncles and their function

A

Superior
Middle
Inferior

connect the cerebellum to the midbrain

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3
Q

Divisions of the cerebellum

A

Vestibulocerebellum
Spinocerebellum
Cerebrocerebellum

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4
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

  • location
  • function
  • pathway
A

-in the flocculonodular lobe
-contains vestibular nuclei involved with balance and eye movements
bypassed deep motor neuron
Inputs-semicircular canals of the ear, afferent input from vestibular nerve

Outputs

  • sends fibres to the vestibular nuclei
  • Medial vestibular nuclei leads to vestibulospinal tract
  • Lateral vestibular nuclei branches at synapse at extra-occular muscle nuclei
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5
Q

Spinocerebellum

  • structure
  • function
A

comprises vermis and paravermis

Vermis comprises fastigial nucleus (medial descending systems)

Paravermis comprises interposed nucleus (lateral descending systems)

Function- motor execution/coordination (controls muscle tone and posture)

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6
Q

Spinocerebellum pathways

A

input: spinocerebellar tracts

outputs:
rubrospinal tracts
reticulospinal tracts vestibulospinal tracts

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7
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A

Comprises lateral hemispheres and dentate nucleus (communicates with cortical areas 4+6)

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8
Q

Cerebrocerebellum pathways

A

Input from

  • corticopontine tract (primary motor cortex to pontine nuclei)
  • pontocerebellar tract (pontine nuclei to cerebellar cortex)

Output

  • cortex
  • dentate nuclei
  • thalamic nuclei
  • primary motor cortex
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9
Q

Describe the lobar anatomy of cerebellum

A 
Vermis
fastigial nucleus (lat descending pathway-motor execution)
Paravermis
interposed nucleus (lat descending pathway-motor execution)

Hemisphere
contains dentate nucleus (cortical areas 4&6, motor planning)

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10
Q

Dysmetria

A

Type of ataxia
improper measuring of distance in muscular acts

-hypermetria is overreaching (overstepping)
-hypometria is underreaching (understepping)
movement not stopped in time

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11
Q

Dyssynergia

A

decomposition of complex movements

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12
Q

Dysdiadochokinesia

A

reduced ability to perform rapidly alternating movements
Lesion in cerebellar hemisphere of frontal lobe

Inaccuracies in rapidly repeated movements (open and close mouth rapidly)

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13
Q

Intentional tremor

A

tremor arising when trying to perform a goal-directed movement

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14
Q

Dysarthria

A

Incoordination in the respiratory muscles, muscles of the larynx, etc.
Uneven speech strength and velocity.

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15
Q

lesions to the vestibulocerebellar pathway

A

Nystagmus- involuntary, rhythmical, repeated oscillations
of one or both eyes, in any or all directions of view

movement of the eyes minimises the ability to
focus the eyes on one point (fixation).

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16
Q

Effect of lesions in the spinocerebellar pathway

A

Gait ataxia (unsteadiness of walking), and disturbance of limb tone (hypotonia) and posture

17
Q

Cerebellar circuitary- inputs

A

Mossy fibres- [proprioceptive information] from spinal cord and brainstem

Climbing fibres- from inferior olivary nucleus

18
Q

Cerebellar circuitary- outputs

A 
Deep cerebellar nuclei
To :
-Thalami
-Vestibular nuclei
-Red nucleus

(purkinje fibres inhibit DCN)

19
Q

Example of cerebellar circuit

A

One climbing fibre to each Purkinje cell, but with many synapses (divergence)

Many parallel fibres to each Purkinje cell, with one or a few synapses each
(convergence)

20
Q

Causes of Acquired Symmetrical Ataxia [5]

A 
Alcohol
Metabolic (B12/Thyroid/Coeliac)
Drugs (eg phenytoin)
Degenerative (familial, MSA)
Immune (paraneoplastic)
21
Q

Vascular anatomy of the cerebellum

A

SCA and AICA branch from basilar

PICA branch from vertebrals

22
Q

Ideational Apraxia

A

damage to parietal cortex

Inability to report/plan a sequence of actions

23
Q

Ideomotor Apraxia

A

inability to use a tool on command despite being able to recall the sequence

  • Damage to supplementary motor area, premotor

Theme 2: Sensory Inputs and Motor Outputs (13 decks)

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