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Intro to Forensic Psychology > L5 - Cyber Crime > Flashcards

L5 - Cyber Crime Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Cybercrime

A

Any activity that uses technology and which brings about some negative effect to an individual or group’s property or belongings.

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2
Q

What are the 3 main types of Cybercrime according to Kirwan and Power (2012)?

A
  • Internet enabled
  • Internet specific
  • Crimes in the virtual world
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3
Q

What are internet enabled Cybercrimes?

A

Ones that use technology as a tool to commit existing crimes. Easy to prosecute because laws exist on them already.

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4
Q

What are internet-specific Cybercrimes?

A

Crimes which do not exist offline. E.g. Hacking, cyber vandalism, domain hijacking, virus dissemination. Legal ambiguity.

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5
Q

What are crimes in the virtual world?

A

When things happen to a person’s avatar/online assets. May have cross-over effect on offline life.

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6
Q

What did Suler’s (2004) Online Disinhibition Effect consist of?

A

6 factors which could promote disinhibition.

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7
Q

What were Suler’s (2004) 6 factors which might promote disinhibition?

A
  • Dissociative Anonymity
  • Invisibility
  • Asynchronicity
  • Solipsistic Introjection
  • Dissociative Imagination
  • Minimising authority
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8
Q

What is Dissociative Anonymity according to Suler (2004)?

A

The way we have a hidden identity online - separate to our offline identity

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9
Q

What is Invisibility according to Suler (2004)?

A

Visually cannot see the other person. Can’t have social feedback.

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10
Q

What is Asynchronicity according to Suler (2004)?

A

Altercations can be stretched out and users have more control of responses. Something nasty might be said, and then the user may leave and not suffer from any consequences.

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11
Q

What is Solipsistic Introjection according to Suler (2004)?

A

Reading another person’s online messages in a particular voice that represents how you think they would sound. Creates comfort, thinking that you are talking to yourself, increasing disinhibition.

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12
Q

What is Dissasociative Imagination according to Suler (2004)?

A

Online world is a fantasy space with differing rules to real life. People can enter and leave whenever they like.

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13
Q

What is Minimising Authority according to Suler (2004)?

A

Feeling that there is no real threat from authority online. Even when there are moderators, they can kick you out, but you can just create another account/ID.

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14
Q

What are 2 critiques of the online disinhibition effect?

A
  • It blames the internet for the crimes that occur on it –> surely it’s about the people and how/why they’re using it like they are.
  • Not everyone will use the internet for toxic reasons.
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15
Q

What did Tobin, Vanman, Verreynne, & Saeri, (2013) find about social ostracism?

A

That when people were prevented from either a) posting and sharing on facebook b) receiving feedback from their posts on facebook, they had lower levels of belonging and meaningful existence.

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16
Q

What is the proteus effect according to Yee and Bailenson (2009)?

A

The way that the features of one’s avatar may change the user’s/owner’s behaviour, due to a possible connection to the avatar.

17
Q

What did Taylor (2002) find about avatar attachment?

A

Avatars can mimic personal boundaries and space, as if it was the real world. Some feel more comfortable in their avatar’s ‘skin’ than their own.

18
Q

What did Kirwan (2009) find about who should be punished for virtual crimes?

A

Players thought it should be the online character/avatar that should be punished, rather than the user controlling them.

19
Q

According to the 2012 National Cyber Security Alliance, what percentage of Cybercrime is directed at small to midsized businesses (SMBs)?

A

36%

20
Q

Of the SMBs targeted by Cybercrime, what percentage go bust within 6 months?

A

60%

21
Q

What is the contagion effect according to Pirkis et al., (2009)?

A

Increases in media coverage results in more suicides, especially when it is a celebrity suicide being covered.

22
Q

What did Pirkis et al., (2009) find about internet use and suicide?

A

The higher the internet usage, the higher the rate of suicide.

23
Q

In Horgan and Sweeney’s (2010) paper, what percentage of University students had searched for information about mental health?

A

31%

24
Q

In Horgan and Sweeney’s (2010) paper, what percentage of University students said they would use the internet for mental health support if/when they needed it?

A

68%

25
Q

What are the 3 types of suicide sites online?

A
  • Suicide support
  • Neutral - suicide discussion
  • Pro-suicide

Intro to Forensic Psychology (10 decks)

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