l5

Question 1

PFT

Answer 1

Pulmonary function testing

Question 2

what type of muscle does alveolar not have compared to rest of airway

Answer 2

Smooth muscle

Question 3

what does a pneumotachograph measure

Answer 3

Flow

Question 4

IRV

Answer 4

Inspiratory reserve volume

Question 5

TV

Answer 5

Tidal volume

Question 6

Pause functional residual capacity

Answer 6

is volume of air in lung at point where inward force due to elastic recoil balances the tendency of the chest wall to spring outwards

Question 7

Bronchodilator responsiveness test-drug given

Answer 7

albuterol

Question 8

what is a positive response

Answer 8

Increase in FEV1. Indicates reversible obstruction

Question 9

Pirogram

Answer 9

Plot of volume X time

Question 10

Flow volume loop

Answer 10

Flow X time

Question 11

Ratio of FEV1/FVC-when is it a concern

Answer 11

if ratio is <70%

Question 12

FLOW RATES DURIG EXPIRATION-effort dependent phase

Answer 12

Increased effort- increased flow rates

Question 13

effort independent phase

Answer 13

increase effort doesn’t change flow rate

Question 14

explanation of effort independent phase

Answer 14

Muscle is flimsy as no cartilage, airway resistance causes flow to decrease from mouth to alveoli, when ppl =airway, compression starts until equal pressure point-EPP

Question 15

PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATES-why is it needed

Answer 15

Picking up exacerbations: assessing response to treatment

Question 16

Cartilage free bronchioles act as

Answer 16

Starling resistors

Question 17

flow at expiration ? flow at inspiration

Answer 17

is greater than

Question 18

METHACHOLINE Test

Answer 18

Squeezes at airway-for asthma.

Question 19

If airway is hyper reactive

Answer 19

+ve response, meaning a decrease in FEV1 by 20%

Question 20

Is a high FEV1/FVC ratio always good

Answer 20

No, if FVC is really reduced in comparison ; not higher proportionally than FEV1= RESTRICTION

Question 21

if RV and FRC is reduced

Answer 21

then total lung capacity will also be reduced

Question 22

spirometer can’t measure

Answer 22

Residual volume,

but body plethysmography can

Question 23

an increase in RV indicates

Answer 23

air being trapped

Question 24

Diffusing capacity

Answer 24

Measured as CO transfer factor :

Perform a breath hold on a known conc of inhaled gas which is DIFFUSION LIMITED.

Question 25

Amount of diffusion=

Answer 25

Inspired CO-expired CO

Question 26

Gas exchange influenced by

Answer 26

SA of alveolus | Thickness of respiratory membrane

Question 27

What pulmonary disease causes reduced CO2 transfer

Answer 27

Emphysema Lung inflammation Lobotomy

Question 28

Cardiovascular disease -that causes a decreased CO2 transfer

Answer 28

Pulmonary hypertension Lower cardiac output Pulmonary oedema Anaemia

Question 29

But what causes high CO2 transfer

Answer 29

High cardiac output High pulmonary Haemorrhage Polycythaemia

Question 30

Conclusion of tests

Answer 30

Spirometry- best test obstruction reduced efficiency in exhale and abnormal airway function Lung volume testing-restriction reduced ... Diffusion capacity(DLCO test) - evaluates derangement in gas exchange isolate cardiac or pulmonary problems

Question 31

where does DVT occur

Answer 31

Iliac/femoral/popliteal/labial vein

Question 32

Risk factors for DVT

Answer 32

``` Post operative-esp orthopaedic Pregnancy OCP Long-haul flights Cancer Obesity ```

Question 33

signs of DVT

Answer 33

Swelling heat pain redness hardness

Question 34

what is used to investigate DVT

Answer 34

Doppler ultrasound: soft tissue images | Colour duplex shows velocity and direction of blood flow

Question 35

CXR-chest X-ray

Answer 35

detects small effusions & Linear atelectasis

Question 36

Treatment for PE

Answer 36

Thrombolysis and IV heparin LMW heparin injections warfarin-6 months Consider DOAC-Dabigatran

Question 37

Thrombophilia screening- which group is it done to

Answer 37

Done to younger patients with VTF

Question 38

Acquired types of thrombophilia

Answer 38

Factor 5 leiden Prothrombin gene variant Anti-thrombin deficiency Protein S & C deficiency

Question 39

Acquired

Answer 39

Anti-phospholipid syndrome - autoimmune hyper coagulable state