L5&6 - Respiratory System

Question 1

what does the nasal cavity consist of?

Answer 1

ciliated mucous membrane/epithelium

Question 2

air is filtered, warmed and moistened by…?

Answer 2

filtered by hairs
warmed by contact with mucous surface
moistened by evaporation of moisture from surface

Question 3

name the three curved shelves of bone in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

Answer 3

1. superior concha - ethmoid bone
2. middle concha - ethmoid bone
3. inferior concha - separate bone
   conchae divide nasal cavity into 4 air channels

Question 4

what is the space under concha called?

Answer 4

meatus

Question 5

name the four paranasal sinuses

Answer 5

1. ethmoidal
2. sphenoidal (not palpable)
3. maxillary
4. frontal

Question 6

where does the nose receive openings from?

Answer 6

• 4 pairs of paranasal sinuses
• naso-lacrimal duct

Question 7

give 2 features of nasopharynx

Answer 7

• adenoids on roof
• opening of eustachian tube

Question 8

what can enlarged adenoids cause?

Answer 8

• blocks posterior nasal opening (mouth breathing/snoring)
• blocks auditory tubes (middle ear infection-otitis media)

Question 9

describe the walls of the larynx

Answer 9

ciliated mucous epithelium

Question 10

name 4 types of cartilage in the larynx

Answer 10

• 1 thyroid cartilage
• 1 cricoid cartilage
• 2 arytenoid cartilage
• 1 epiglottis

Question 11

what protects the vocal cords?

Answer 11

vestibular folds

Question 12

what is the space between vocal chords?

Answer 12

rima glottidis

Question 13

what is the trachea?

Answer 13

c-shaped rings of cartilage + fibrous tissue + smooth muscle
mucous membrane and cillia

Question 14

what is the carina?

Answer 14

ridge that marks the division of trachea into two bronchi

Question 15

which bronchus is wider and more vertical?

Answer 15

right primary bronchus

Question 16

how many lobes does the right primary bronchus have?

Answer 16

3 - superior, middle and inferior

Question 17

how many lobes does the left primary bronchus have?

Answer 17

2 - superior and inferior

Question 18

what are bronchioles made of and what does it do?

Answer 18

cartilage - holds tube system open
smooth muscle - control tube diameter

Question 19

name two terminal bronchioles

Answer 19

• respiratory bronchioles (few alveoli)
• alveolar sacs (more alveoli)

Question 20

do terminal bronchioles have cilia?

Answer 20

no cilia - debris removed by macrophages

Question 21

how does gas get from alveoli to circulation?

Answer 21

thin layer of fluid lining alveoli -> alveolar epithelium -> thin interstitial space -> capillary endothelium

Question 22

what is the function of the two alveoli cell types?

Answer 22

type 1 - gas exchange
type 2 - secrete surfactant

Question 23

what are the muscles of inspiration?

Answer 23

muscle fibres - radial
peripherally - lower margin of rib cage, upper pumbar vertebrae (crura)
central tendon - flat aponeurosis
nerve supply - phrenic nerve

Question 24

what accessory muscles are used in deep inspiration?

Answer 24

pectoralis major and minor
sternocleidomastoid

Question 25

what is the position of the lung in the body?

Answer 25

- base sits on diaphragm - apex rises above clavicle - hilum on medial surface of lung

Question 26

what is the pleura?

Answer 26

double membrane which surround lung (parietal and visceral)

Question 27

what is pneumothorax?

Answer 27

air in pleural cavity

Question 28

what are the 2 sources of blood for the lungs?

Answer 28

1. pulmonary circulation 2. blood for tissue of lung via thoracic aorta -> bronchial arteries -> capillaries

Question 29

what is the innervation of the lungs?

Answer 29

sympathetic - dilate airways parasympathetic - constrict airways visceral sensory fibres

Question 30

how does the respiratory system change with age? (5)

Answer 30

1. number of glands in nasal mucosa decrease 2. nose dries - thickened mucosa 3. thoracic wall - more rigid 4. lung lose elasticity 5. oxygen levels in blood may fall